1/31/11 Med Term Class Notes

Medical Terminology

Health Care Records

Disease terms in antiquity and how they are related

Today’s Lecture

History

                Ancient categories of disease

Terminology

                Disease Terms

                Progress note

Humoralism

                Disease: Mixture or imbalance

Wet

Spring: Infancy:

                Element: air

                Humor: Blood

                Temperament: sanguine

                Organ: Heart

Hot

Summer: Youth:

Element: Fire

Humor: Yellow Bile

Temperament: Choleric

Organ: Spleen

Dry

Fall: Maturity

Element: Earth

Humor: Black Bile

Temperament: Melancholic

Organ; liver

Cold

Winter :Old Age:

Element: water

Humor: Phlegm

 Temperament: Phlegmatic

Organ: Brain

Wet

Disease and Astrology

                                                           Medieval times the constilations will be associated with a disease.  Sign man or the man of signs.  Certain astrological signs will be what you will probably be ailed from.

The anatomy of melancholy.

                                                           List of the signs for each planet.

Ancient Nosology: Area

                                                           A capite and calcem ”from head to toe”

                                                           Capit/o head

                                                           Calcane/o-calcaneus-heal bone

 Modern Nosology: Area

                                                           Giovanni Battista Morgagni (1682-1771)

                                                           Anatomical Pathology

                                                           Organ and tissue

Modern Nosology: Area

                                                           Localized(an area of body) vs. Systematic(whole body/system)

                                                           Atom, molecule, cell, tissue, organ, body system, organism

Galen’s Level of Organization

                                                           Galen, on the elements according to Hippocrates

                                                                                Qualities

                                                                                Elements (Air, fire earth and water)

                                                                                Humor (blood, phlegm, yellow and black bile)

                                                                                Homoiomerous parts (Tissue)

                                                                                Organs

                                                                                Human Body

Ancient Nosology: Chronic vs. Acute

                                                           L. Acutus-sharp, Painful= Gr. Oxus-sharp quick(Crisis, acute)

                                                           L. Chronicus=Gr. Chronios-long time(not crisis, chronic)

Chronos vs. Cronos

Chronos Gr. Time, god of time

Cronos is a titan who killed his father.  Saturn the god with a sickle(?)time  to harvest

Virtue along dulls the blade

Ancient Nosology: Fevers

Gr. Puretio=L. Febres

Type: e.g. putrid fevers

Periodicity: e.g. ephemeral(24 hour fever), tertian(occurs every third day), quartan(occurs every fourth day)

Paroxysm (Gr. Paroxysmos-irritation)symptoms or signs are increased or reoccurring

Crisis (Gr. Krisis-judgement, event) turning point in disease or breaking a fever

NB: pyr/o-heat or fire; febrile/afebrile

Modern Nosology

What is the difference between ‘recurrent’ and ‘exacerbation’?

                                                           Recurrent means happens repeatedly you have no control over it

                                                           Exacerbation means its getting worse can control it in your environment or caused by self.

                                                           Recurrant (L. Re-again/currere-to run)

Exacerbation –(L/ ex-from, out of, acerbus-harsh, painful, severe)

What is the difference between progressive and sequela?

                                                           Progressive means it’s a process symptoms gradually getting worse

                                                           Sequela after disease has occurred there are accessories problems that happen after words

                                                           Progressive (L. progressus-advance, a going forward)

                                                           Sequela- (L. Sequella- consequence or corollary)

Prognosis vs. diagnosis

                                                           Prognosis is a prediction

                                                           Diagnosis look at signs and symptoms and name of the symptoms

                                                           Diagnosis-(Gr. Dia-through; gnosis-knowledge)

                                                           Prognosis (Gr. Pro-before; gnosis-knowledge=foreknowledge)

                                                           NB. –gnos-or gnost-knowledge

A condition/ disease occurring without a clearly identified cause is termed:

Idiopathic (Gr. Idios-own, pathos-disease)

NB> idi/o=individual, distinct

e.g. idiotrophic (plant), idiosyncrasy (behavior unique to them)

What is the difference between a sign, symptom, and a syndrome?

Sign, something that you see physically or can be tested objective information

Symptom, subjective what the patient feels

Syndrome, collection of symptoms and signs

Difference between benign and malignant

Benign-mild or not as harsh not going to progress perhaps benign tumor, a tumor not cancerous

Malignant-distructive and could kill you malignant tumor, goes outside its boundaries

Benign(L/ benignus-kind, beneficial)

Malignant(L. malignus-spiteful, harmful)

Cancer(L. cancer-crab-Gr. Karkinos)monster eating away at you.

Progress notes

Sex is male

Three week sickness

5-6 times a headache week

C with line above it means with cum is with

O with line through it means no

3 beers each night q means each

Noc means night

Nkda no known drug allergies

Sitting when in blood pressure

S with line over it means without sine

M with circle around it means mur

Diagnosis means hypertension

r/o means rule out so you need to test for it

rto return to office

1/28/11 Class Notes.

(NOTE: These notes are quite complete.  I'd say around 99% completed as far as what is included on the powerpoints which today he seemed to inform us of only what was on them.  As far as the parts informing you about what will be on the test and the page numbers that is 100% accurate as far as what was on his slides.  Hope this helps everyone with what they need to study plus he stated he will put up the list of more things to study on blackboard either today or tomorrow)  Have a great Weekend!

Ch.2: Health Care Records

Medical Record Blunders

Rectal Exam Reveal a normal size thyroid (long Fingers?)

Exam of Genitalia reveals that he is circus sized

Patient was alert and unresponsive

On the second day the knee was better and on the third day…

House Questions:

Poiesis (formation)

-Genesis(origin or creation)

-gen(substance)

-iasis(healing) = -osis (condition)

                        -iatrics(practice of healing)

Today’s Lecture

History

Ancient medical records

Terminology

Overview of modern medical records

Hippocratic Texts: Epidemics

‘Case of Histories’-rough notes which record a patient’s symptoms/signs over a period of time

5^th- 4^th century BC

NB Epidemic= Gr. Epi- upon + demos – people or place

Individual signs and symptoms in chronological order. Very objective when writing their notes.

Endemic, epidemic, pandemic

In modern medical terminology what are the differences between endemic, epidemic, and pandemic dieases?

Endemic-a disease found in a specific population or region

Epidemic-The occurrence of more cases of specific disease than expected in a given area or among a specific group of people over a particular period of time.

Pandemic- A widespread outbreak of disease covering many geographic regions or the world.

Thucydides account of the plague of the Athens

Case histories as history

Thucydides (c. 460-395BC), historian of the Peloponnese war

Plague of Athens (430 BC)

Myasthma meaning they thought the air was bad and causing the sicknesses.

Galen’s Rhetorical use of case histories

Case histories as medical propaganda in 2^nd AD

Galen On Prognosis

Remarkable diagnoses and prognoses

Pulse and lovesickness

Testimonies of Asclepius, Greek God of Medicine

Testimonies of cures

Propaganda or cure?

Placebo-L. “I will please”-1785 used for “A medicine given more to please than to benefit the patient”

Will come into the patients dream and either helped heal or told the priest how Asclepius told him how to be better.

What kinds of medical records you need to know for the test

History and physical : pp 41-43

Progress note (SOAP format) : pp43-44

Prescription : pp 73-76

What you need to know

What each form is form

What are the component parts of each form

What kind of information goes in each component part

The common abbreviations associated with these forms

History and Physical (H&P)

Document of medical history and findings from physical examination

History And Physical

Two major divisions:

History (Hx)

Subjective information-history obtained from patient including his/her personal perceptions

Physical examination (PE)

Objective information-physical facts and observations made by an examiner

Physical examination is tan

Blue is subjective information

 know abbreviations on the side.

ROS-usually assume it goes into physical examinations, but it goes into the subjective information.

Profess note:SOAP format

Progess notes made after the initial history and physical recorded.  The letters represent the order in which progress is noted

S: Subjective-that which the patient describes

O: objective-observable information, such as test results, blood pressure readings, etc.

A: Assessment- progress and evaluation of the effectiveness of the plan and prognosis, goals

P: Plan-decision to proceed or alter strategy

Progess notes look like

If you’re ruling out then you test for it to see if it is. Means your going to test for it.

Know abbreviations and what goes on there

Purpose of Progress notes

Evaluative

Important legal documents

Ensure proper patient care

Prescription

Physician’s written direction for dispensing or administering a mediciation for a patient

Must be written in a specific format

RX: Prescription

Dispensation: name, strength and amount

Signa: Patient instructions

Review what it looks like

 q how many times needed

prn means as needed

Prescription symbol

Rx

L. Recipe-TAKE from recipere-to take

NB Prescription-L praescriptio=precept, rule, direction

Falcons eye not where Rx comes from

Signa

L. Signare-to make known or indicate

L. Signum

Vexillarium, imaginifer, signifier

Vex.:Carries a flag, banner, that has the name of the legion.

Ima.:image of the emperors face, to give courage in battle, looking after you or upon you.

Sig.: typically has a hand showing the oath, go back and would reorganize the troops.

-fer means to carry or to convey something

-phor –pher to carry barer

What tables you need to know for the test

Tables:

Common abbreviations used in the history and physical and progress notes pp 44-45

Disease terms pp64-65

Medical facilities and patient care abbreviationspp67-68

Routes of medication administration pp72

Common prescription and abbreviation and symbols pp74-75

Notes from the first week of class.

NOTE: These notes will be pretty incomplete due to the fact that I was handwriting them.  But someone requested them so here they are.  I apologize if they don't make 100% sense.  But like I said they were handwritten.  For better notes I suggest you go to blackboard and look under course document and look at the 'essay'/ article called Anatomical Latin.  Better and more detail explaination!

Learning Today:

Medical history

Greek and Latin origins of medical terms

Hippocratates and the Hippocratic corpus

Rod of Asclepius

                Origins of medical terms

                                Most medical terms have Greek and Latin origins

                                Most diagnostic and surgical terms have greek origins

                                Most analytical terms have Latin origins

Hippocrates and the Hippocratic Corpus

                5-4 BC

                NB L. Corpus pl. corpora, body e.g. marine corps, corporeal, corpse, corpus callasum, and corpus uteri.

                Greeks don’t due divine causality meaning Gods don’t cause disease.

Hippocrates founder of modern medicine physician of 5^th century.

Greeks conquered by Romans.  Roman empire split.

Callosum means hard

Aphorism 1.1 (Proverb)

Bio-life

Brachy-Brachi-short

Techno-art

Macro-long

Oxi-oxy- sharp/acute

Life is short art of medicine is long, opportunity is only a little…

Rod of Asclepius (God of medicine) (1 stick, 1 snake)

Caduceus of Hermes (Taker to underworld) (1 stick, two snakes, wings)

16^th century came to America in 1902

Anatomy and Latin

16^th century renaissance anatomy

20^th century standardization of anatomical terminology

After Galin anatomy stops

Andreae Vesalii started fresh ignored Galin.

Term components

The three components of medical terms:

Roots-Foundation/subject of the term.

Suffix-ending that gives essential meaning to the term (verb)

Prefix-added to the beginning of a term when needed to further modify the root.

Combining vowels

A vowel, usually an ‘o’ is used to join a root to another root/to a suffix:sacr/o

The letter I is the second most common combining vowel: Aur/i

The root plus its combining vowel is termed the ‘combining form’

Hyperlipemia

Prefix-hyper-meaning excess

Root-lip-meaning fat

Suffix-emia-meaning blood

Rules

1)      A combining vowel is used to join a root to root as well as to a suffix beginning with a consonant

Cardi   o   logy

Cardi   o   vascul   ar

2)      A combining vowel is not used before a suffix that begins with a vowel

Vas/o-ectomy

Vas-ectomy

3)      If the root ends in a vowel and the suffix begins with the same vowel, drop the final vowel from the root and do not use a combining vowel

Peri   cardi/o   it is

If a root ends with a vowel and the suffix begins with another vowel, then what?

Angi/o   ectasis   =   angiectasis

4)      Most often a combining vowel is inserted between two roots even when the second root begins with a vowel

Gastr/o enter/o ology

5)      When a prefix ends in a vowel and the root begins with a vowel, the final vowel is usually retained with the prefix a hyphen is added.

Peri- oro al = perioral

Intra-  abdomen/o   al   =   intra-abdominal

NB   para   enter/o

Prefix    cv            root       cv            suffix

                                Cardi                      ac

                                Cardi      o             logy

                                Card(i)                  it is         the (i) is dropped

Peri                        card(i)                   ium        the (i) is dropped

                                Cardi                      ectomy

Most medical terms are built from the root

Diseases and techniques named after scientists and physicians

                Hippocratic fingers

Mythological characters

                Proteus (change shape)

Prefixes and suffixes are attached to the root to modify the root.

Occasionally, terms are formed by a root alone or combination of roots (noun)

Ov/i   duct –oviduct (conveys eggs)

Sometimes a term is just a prefix and suffix with no root

                Meta   stasis  = metastasis

Def. though analysis

1)      Suffix

2)      The prefix (if one is present)

3)      Then, the root/roots

Enterocculitis

Inter/enter/o/col/it is

(P)b/w/(R)intestines/(CV)o/(R)colon/(S) inflammation

Inflammation between intestines and colon

Melan/o-black

-edema-swelling

Rule: swelling black

Interal: Black Swelling

Medical: Black deposit in the lungs typically found in coal miners

Anthrocosis

Anthrac/o-coal/carbon/carbuncle (Gr. Anthrax, coal)

-osis-condition

NB. The disease anthrax takes its name from the large black skin lesions formed with cutaneous anthrax

Anthracosilicosis

Antraco/silic/osis

Know

Common prefixes

Common C.F.

Common suffixes

Pp 13-26 (2008)

1/26/11 Lecture Notes.

NOTE: I came to class like 2 minutes late.  So I didn't copy down the first slide completely.  Also, if on something it has a '...' that means he switched slides before I got to write down the whole thing.  So, these notes are probably 97% completed though. 

Learning today:

History

Terminology

No-dictionary

A dictionary gives all known meaning of words

There was no governing body for medicine in antiquity

Therefore there was no collective movement to standardize medical terms

Yes-Glossaries

                A glossary just gives the meaning of words as they apply to the work in which it references

                Hippocratic texts written in 4&5 BC, people studied these texts, language changes a little bit as you go along

Galen’s Hippocratic Glossary

                (Showed a picture of Galen’s Hippocratic glossary)

                Talking about medicine in hippocratic texts

Ancient Medical Definitions

                2^nd and 3^rd AD-Problemata(Questions thrown forward to get a response)

                Not arraged alphabetically

                Question and answer format

                Memorization

What is the moisture that is in some part of the head?

The disease is called hydrocephalus because the moisture is in the head

How many are the types of hydrocephalus?

Four, scalp and pericranium, pericranium and skull, skull and meninges, meninges and the brain.

Things to pay attention to

Phonetic spelling ()

Etymology-[] (root where they come from)(this will not be tested upon) (Need to know core meanings)

Defintion-

Synonym-SYN (will be asked on the test)

Dictionary entry in Taber’s

Hydrocephalus SNY hydrencephalus

The accumulation of excessive amounts of cerebrospinal fliud within the ventricles of the brain, resulting from blockage or destruction of the normal channels for CSF drainage.  Common causes include congenial lesions, traumatic leasions, neoplastic lesions, and infections such as meningoencephalitis.  Sometimes the accumulated fluid leads to increased…

Dictionary entry in Stedman’s

Hydrocephalus

Pronunciation hi dro-sef’a-lus

Definition:

SNY Hydrocephaly

Dictionary entry in Stedman’s

Hydrencephalus…

Dictionary entry in Taber’s

Acromion [Gr. Akron, extremity,+omos, shoulder]

The lateral triangular projection of the spine of the scapula that forms the point…

Improving your vocabulary

Acro- extremity

Acrocephaly-deformity in the top most part of the head

Acrodynia-pain in the extremity(mercury poisoning)

Acromegaly-enlargement of the extremities

Acrophobia- fear of heights

Omo-shoulder, raw

Omoclavicular-shoulder and clavical

Omodynia- shoulder pain

Omohyoid-bone in the neck that looks like a U something between the shoulder and the hyoid

Omophagia- raw habit of people eating raw meat or raw vegitables

Inflection and Latin Nouns

Dura mater cerebrum involvit

The dura mater (Hard mother) envelops the cerebrum

Nominative-subject

Duram matrem disseca ut patefiant leptomeninges

Cut away the dura mater to that the leptomeninges are exposed

Accusative-object

Margo inferior durae matris sinum sagittalem inferiorem continent.

The inferior margin of the dura mater ontains the inferior sagittal sinus

Genitive-possessor

Declining a noun

Inflecting a noun, pronoun, or adjective is known as declining it.  The affixes may express number, case, and/or gender. (NOTE:             first singular,      second plural)

Nominative (subject)                     Oculus                  Oculi

Accusative(object)                          Oculum                                Oculos

Genitive (prossessor)                    Oculi                      Oculorum

Dative (indirect object)                 oculo                     oculis

Ablative (var.)                                   oculo                     oculis

Declensions

A declension is the patter of affixes that indicate a class of nouns

Nom.                     Adnexa                                oculus

Accus.                   Adnexae              oculi

Gen.                      Adnexam            Oculum

Dat.                        Adnexae              oculo

Abl.                        Adnexa                                oculo

Adjective

Modifying adjectives agree with the noun in number, gender, and case

Flexor digitorum profundus (profundus (deep) singular)( deep flexor of the fingers)

Flexor digitorum profundorum (the flexor of the deep fingers)

Participles

Verbal Adjectives

Present active participles-ns-translated as ‘ing’

Vas deferens=’The leading away vessel’ or’ the vessel which leads away’

Perfect passive participles ‘tus’ or ‘tum’ translated ‘ed’

Ligamentum cruciatum ‘the crossed ligament’ or ‘the ligament which has been crossed’

Intussusception

Tion means process intus means within ssusscep receive

When one part of the colon goes inside the other part of the colon

Ens means active so it’s bringing the part into the other side

Tum passive part that has been pulled inside the other.

(singular)Plurals

Stigma                  stigmata

Deferens             deferentes

Two or more latin terms

Oculus dexter- left eye

Adnexa oculi-accessory structures of the eye

Ad oculum-toward the eye

Anatomical

Hallux valgus-big toe that deviates outward

Quadrates lumborum-square muscle of the loins

Pathological

Myositis ossificans-muscle inflammation which makes bone

Polioencephalitis hemorrhagica-gray brain inflammation flow/rupture of blood

Biological

Yersinia pestis-cause of the bubonic plague

Rhus toxicodendron-flow/shrub poisonous tree (poison ivy)

1/24/11 Med Term

NOTE: The bold lettering was the title of the slide or what was covered on the slide, the highlighted words are the answers to questions (if multiple choice).  I got 99% of everything written on each slide and what the words covered in class meant. 

Topics covered

History of medicine

Galen and semantics

Medical terminology

Semantics

Plurals

Pronunciation

Galen (129-c. 210 AD)

Personality like house

Physician/ philosopher

Makes up 1/6 of the information we have in medical terminology

Galen and semantics

Apepsia(condition of which there is no digestion) vs. dyspepsia (difficult/painful/incomplete digestion)

Enkephalos(the thing inside the head)

Ephemeros (on the day, meaning 24 hour fever basically) fevers weren’t a symptoms they were a disease.

N.B. Pept/o, peps/o-digestion; encephal/o-brain, ephemeral- brief duration

Semantics of ancient medical terms

Cholera-vomiting/ diarrhea lose a lot of water (caused because of sanitation of water problems)

Typhus-dileriam due to fever (infection where fever is a part of it)

Eczema- humors boiling and rotting causing a sore (allergic reaction, very specific type of growth)

Roots that have more than one meaning

Myel/o- bone marrow or spinal cord

Which structure does myelorrhaphy refer to?

Spinal cord

Practical problems

Cervical-L. cervix-neck

Cervic/o- neck

-al-pertaining to

Therefore a cervical exam involves testing of the neck.

Commonsense and context

Cardiospasm

Cardi/o-heart

-spasm-involuntary contraction

Cardiac sphincter in the top part of the stomach

Redundancy: multiple roots with the same meaning

Hyster/o-Gr hystera-womb- hysterectomy

Metr/o Gr. Metra-womb- endometrium structure inside the uterus

Uter/o L uterus-womb-in utero

Homomorphism

Sometimes 2 different roots simplify to the same spelling

Ped L. pes meaning foot

Ped Gr. Paes meaning child

Which root is orthopedics from?

Child ortho meaning straighten pedics meaning child

Bacteriolysin/ streptolysin/ staphylolysin

Bacteri/o   -lysin  a substance distructive to bacteria

Strept/o    -lysin a substance distructed to the blood, which is producted by streptococci and staphylococci (coccum-berry)

Staphyl/o  -lysin

Gr. Lysis-dissolution or destruction

-lysis process process of dissolution

-lysin  substance causing dissolution

Strept/o streptococci Gr. Streptos= twisted

NB coccus, pl. cocci, Gr. Kokkos-berry IE round

Staphyl/o-staphylococcus, uvula Gr. Staphulis=a bunch of grapes

Spelling matters

A)     Antipartum (against birth)

B)      Antepartum (before birth)

Sometimes words sound exactly the same but are spelled differently and have different meanings

Sito=food

Cyto= cell

Sometimes words sound similar but are spelled differently and have different meanings

Abduction away midline

Adduction toward midline

Aphagia inability to swallow

Aphasia lack of speech

Which of the following terms is correctly spelled? (highlighted term means correct answer)

a)      Gastroectomy

b)      Paraenteral(a should drop away)

c)       Vasculitis

d)      Gastresophageal(no combining vowel)

Some words have more than one acceptable spelling

Orthopedic   orthopaedic

Leucocyte  leukocyte

Plurals (singular/plural)

Vertebra/ Vertebrae

Diagnosis/ Diagnoses

Phenomenon/ Phenomena

Bacterium/ Bacteria

Thorax/Thoraces

Fungus/fungi

Myopathy/myopathies

Condyloma/condylomata

plural hemolysis/hemolyses

plural thrombi/thrombus

pronunciation

c(before a,o,u)=K      cavity, colon

c(before e,i)=s

ch=k

g(before a,o,u)=g

g(before e,i)=j

ph=f

pn=n

pt(initial)=t

rh,rrh=r

x(initial)=z

pterygoid-Gr. Pteron=wing

pterodactyl =winged fingers

spelling

a)      Nephroraphy

b)      Nephorraphy

c)       Nephrorrhaphy

Acromion

How many syllables does this word have? 4

Which vowel is stressed?

What is the phonetic spelling of xiphoid?

Zif’oyd

What is the phonetic spelling of thoracic?

Tho-ras’ik

Value of pronunciation

Anorectic adj. an-o-rek’tic an-not; orect/o-appetite

Anorectal adj. a-no-rek’tal an/o anus; rect/o-straight

NB orect/o and orex/i appetite

Audio files

Cd with textbook

Tabers

The classical word in medical terminology

Say it see it write it repeat it.