4/20/11 Class Notes

Urinary System

Today’s lecture

                Matula

                                Pot or flask L.

                                Made of glass so you can see through them.

                                Urine is the product of perpulation of the blood. It’s getting sort of purified.  If it doesn’t get completely purified then the color will be different colors.  People who practiced medicine were monks.  Sometimes did it out of charity for the poor or would charge for the rich.  The pope tried to purify the catholic church who said that lets stop sending the monks out to get educated and stop them from touching feces and urine.  Medicine and religion started separated one from the other.

                Uroscopy wheels and medical diagnosis

                                16-20 matula’s on a wheel.  The circles are connected to what’s happening in the kidney.  Green urine, blue urine, yellow, orange, red, cloudy.  The colors are factual.  But their connection was to humors.  Green urine is a type of urinary infection. 

                                Systematic always, matula, cloudy or sentiment if it’s higher it’s in the head, if it’s lower it’s in the lower body.  Signs had to be analogous to parts in the bodies

                Urochromatic terms

                                Urocyanin –blue urine

                                Uroerythrin -red

                                Uromelanin-black

                                Uroporphyrin-purple/indigo

                                Urorrhodin-rose colored urine

                                Uroxanthin- yellow urine

                                Urofuscin- fuscia –redish brown

                Urinalysis

                                Leukocytes, Nitrite, urobilinogen, protein, pH, blood, specific gravity, ketone, bilirubin, glucose

                Symptomatic terms-uria

                                Pyuria –pus urine

                                Azoturia-nitrogen waste urine

Albuminuria-protein in urine

Aciduria-pH level in urine

Hematuria-blood in urine

Hypersthenuria-excessively strong urine

Ketosuria-presense of ketone

Urobilinuria-presence of urobilinogen

Glucosuria-too much sugar in urine

                                Anuria-without urine

                                Dysuria-difficult to urine

                                Nocturia or nycturia- bathroom at night

                                Oliguria- limited amounts

                                Polyuria-too much urine

                Therapeutic terms

                                Dialysis (Gr. Dialysis-separating, a loosing of one from another, dissolution) kidney failure

                                                Hemodialysis – separating the blood.  Pump blood through the machine and purifies blood and pumps it back in. 

                                                Peritoneal dialysis- separating the peritoneal.  Take a sack that has glucose and salt in it.  Pulls out the stuff that shouldn’t be in your blood.  Not as effective as hemodialysis.

Terms

                Void

                Urination meaning just urination

                Micurition (L. micturire-to desire to urinate)just urination

Symptomatic terms

                Is there a difference between incontinence and enuresis?

                                Incontinence(L. in = not + continere= to confine, hold)

                                In ability to retain urine, semen or feces though loss of sphincter…etc

Enursis (gr. En= in + ourein=to make water)

                Involuntary discharge of urine after the age of bladder control.

                                Nocturnal enuresis-bed wetting

                                Diurnal enuresis- urinary stress incontinence.

Treatment for nocturnal enuresis

                Kegel exercises.

                                Excersies where you strengthen the pineal muscles.

Diagnostic terms

                Which term(s) is associated with nitrogenous waste in the blood.

                                Azotemia and uremia

Lithiasis-formulation of calculi

                Calculus-L.=little stone

Calculi and the roman abacus

                Abacus means counting table.  You used stones on a stick.  Calculus is the idea of moving the stones on the abacus. 

Utereroscopy and stent

Location of calculi

Extracorporeal(outside of body) lithotripsy (breaking down/crushing stone)

                ‘simple’ stones too large to pass through

                Ultrasound shock waves crush stones

                Smaller pieces pass out of the body in urine

Intracorporeal lithotripsy (inside of body) breaking down/crushing stone)

                Something on the end to break up the stones

Lithotomy (incision of the stone)

                Nephrolithotomy (incision in the kidney to remove the stone)/ ureterolithotomy (incision of the ureter to remove the stone)

Ancient treatments for calculi in the urinary tract

                Hippocratic Oath (5^th-4^th BC)

                                ‘I will not cut, even for a stone, but I will leave such procedures to the practitioners of that craft’

                Practicing similar to the person teaching them but would still do cuts.

                                If I tell you you’re going to die and then practice on you people will think my medical practices were bad.

Medications for calculi

                Dioscorides De Materia Medica (1^st AD)

                                Medicinal Herbs

                                Parts of plants which dissolve urinary stones

                Roman catheter

                                Male catheter to drain the bladder made of lead

                                Same with female.

Surgery (chirugia + for stones)

                Celsus, De Medicina (1^st AD)

                                Manually moving the stone

                                Excision of stones from the bladder/urethra

4/18/11 Class Notes

Urinary System

Today’s lecture

                Ancient theories of urine production uroplania and Ptolemaic astronomy

                Combining forms

Ancient theories of Urine production

                Erasistratus (325-250 BC)-Horror vacui fear of the (did vivisection of humans)-thought about separation. Mechanical mechanism separated away.

                Asclepiads(124-44BC)-pores and vapors(thought that liquid went in the stomach cooked and vaporized then the bladder went and soaked up the vapors and condensed them.

                Galen(129-210 AD)-Faculty of Parts-(kidney produced the urine.then proved that the bladder takes the urine and that the bladder holds the urine in and it can’t go back the other way.  Then proved that the kidneys were independent of one another.)

Basic anatomy of the urinary system

                Kidney(medulla, renal vein, renal artery, ureter, capsule, cortex, renal column, pyramid, renal pelvis, major calyx, minor calyx, papillae), ureter, bladder urethra, ureter opening

Pelvis- Basin something that collects fluid

Papilla-nipple like structure.

Calyx. Pl calyces-bud (flower cup)

Hilum-little thing, trifle nerve artery and vein go into an organ that’s the hilum.

Nephron:filtration

                Filtration, secretion and absorbtion.

Combining forms for the urinary system

                Urin/o                   urine                     urinophil (bacteria that likes to live in urine)

                Ur/o                                                      uremia (urine in the blood, products of urine in blood) / uroplania (condition where the urine is going out where it is supposed to plan-wonderer)

                Uroplania, planets and Ptolemaic atronomy

-grade (l. gradus-step, gait)

                Retrograde (backwards movement)

                Antegrade(forward movement)

                Centigrade(100 degrees/steps)

                Graduated(person who gets a degree taken a step out of one phase into another)

                Plantigrade (flat foot)

                Digitigrades (walks on fingers)

                Unguligrade (unguli-nail/hoof walks on hoofs)

                -uria                                                       azoturia (too much nitrogenous waste ) / creatinuria (metabolism ) / uricosuria (uric acid )

Contents of urine .05%ammonia .18 suphate .12 phsophate .6 chloride 95 water

                Ren/o                   kidney                  renoprival (pertaining to taking away the kidney and all that deals with the kidney)/ renogastric ( pertaining to the kidney and stomach)

                Nephr/o                                              nephroptosis (downward displacement of kidney) / nephrophthisis (wasting the kidney)

                Pyel/o                   renal pelvis (basin)                          endopyelotomy (within the renal pevis incision)

                Glomerul/o        glomerulus (ball-shaped)             glomerulosclerosis (hardening of glomerulus)/ juxtaglomerular (next to the glomerulus)

                Uteter/o              ureter                                   ureterolithiasis (presence of stone in ureter) / typhloureterostomy(opening ureter blind-secum/blind as in vision)

                Cyst/o                   bladder or sac                    cystitis (inflammation of the bladder) cystolithlapaxy ( stone in the bladder lapaxy washing away or evacuation)

                Vesic/o                 bladder or vesicle            vesicocervical (pertaining to the bladder and cervix)/ vesicoclysis (washing the bladder)

                Bladder and greek ball games

                                You made bladders into balls to play with and covered them with leather or put things inside.

                Urethr/o              urethra                 urethrostenosis (narrowing of the urethra) urethrophraxis (blockage or obstruction of the urethra) urethratresia (lack of perforation, no whole in the urethra)

                Meat/o                                meatus(passage)             meatometer(measures the meatus) / meatotome (incision to make a meatus)

4/15/11 Class notes

Gastrointestinal system

                Medical history

                Hippocratic treatments of some unsightly conditions

                Roman sanitation

                Medical terms

                Diagnostic terms

Diagnostic terms

                An abnormal side pocket n the intestines usually related to a lack of dietary fiber s:

                                Polyp-gr-polypous-many footed –octopus platy(wide foot)pus

                                Peptic ulcer

                                Fistula

                                Diverticulum-L devertere-to turn aside

                                Platyopic-broad face

                                Platyglossal – broad tongue

Pous-podos(genitive)

                Podiatrist-someone who treats feet

                Arthropod-articulated feet/appendages

                Cephalopod-head and feet(ex. Octopus)

                Homoiopodal-homoio-same feet/appendage

Peptic ulcer-L. ulcus-sore wound pertaining to digestion

                NB. Helic/o-spiral helix- helicobacter pylori  helicopter helicoids

Fistula-L. fistula-pipe

Plumbea fistula

                Plumb/o (L. plumbum=lead) plumbic(pertaining to lead) plumber (works with lead)

Hippocratic treatments of fistula

                On fistula (gr. Syrinx-pipe/flute)

                Causes and treatments of anal fistula take a stick where the fistula was and measure the depth

                Syrinx(fistula/lesion(brain or cerebrum)/tube itself)/-syring/o   syringectomy( removal of the fistula) syringoid( something that looks like a fistula)

                Rectal speculum

Diagnostic terms

                The twisting of a bowel on itself causing obstruction is:

                                Hiatal hernia-L. hiatal-opening gap hernia - obstruction

                                Intussusceptions-L. intus-w/in + suscipere-to receive

                                Volvulus- L. volvere-to roll (Right answer)

                                Hemorrhoid – oid- resembling hemo-blood rrh-discharge

                                Volvo-L.- I roll

NB Meatus (outside of body naval go out and usually have a passageway connected to it) / hiatus(continuous structure that has an opening in it)/stoma(surgical or normal anatomical opening)

Active participle-ens actively taking in the other part

Ptum- passively thing that was taken in

Prolapsed rectum/anus

                Prolapsus- having fallen forward or down

Hippocratic treatments for hemorrhoids

                On hemorrhoids-phelgm or bail collecting around the anus and gets caught that pulls blood into the area and that’s what causes the hemorrhoid you can sarve the person for a few days.  So we reduce the amount of blood to that area.  Burn off the hemorrhoid by cautery

Diagnostic terms

                The combing form/root n dysentery suggests that ths disease affects the:

                                Unsafe water infection causes diarrhea fever

Roman sanitation

                Sanit/o-L. sanitas-health)-sanitarium(place of health) sanity(healthy mind) sanitarian (someone who deals w/ healthful things)

Chronic disease of the liver characterized by degeneration of liver tissue; its name literally means ‘yellow condition’:

                Cirrhoss-gr. kIrrhos -yellow – orange

Operative term

                Anastomotic- pertaining to putting them together

                Anastomose-putting them together

                Anastomosis-two things joined together

Drug medication

                Which medication has a similar function to a laxative:

                Antacid(stops production of acid)/emetic(drug that makes you vomit)

                Cathartic(loosing fecal matter/produces a bowel movement)/enema(loosens up lower bowels)

Hippocratic catharsis

                Gr. Kathairein-purify person

                Evacuation of cavities (upper and lower)

                Hygiene and treatment of disease

Catharsis and tragedy

                Aristotle’s poetics

                                Emotional catharsis is function of greek tragedy

4/13/2011 Class Notes

NOTE: my computer isn’t typing out k& I  I’m havng to copy and paste them so get t to work Sorry but there are points when I don’t have time to copy or paste them.

Gastrointestinal System ki

Pepsis and Hippocratic notions of digestion

Stomachos gaster koilia

Pepsis

Eupepsia(good digestion) dyspepsia(abnormal digestion/indigestion) apepsia(w/out digestion) peptic ulcer peptobismal(indigestion)

-ase = enzyme

                Three types of enzymes needed to breadown food

Amylase> breaking down of starch

Protease > breaking down of proteins

Lipase>breaking down of fats

Other enzymes

                Lactase >breaking down mi lk

                Sucrase> breaking down sugar

                Maltase>breaking down maltose(germinating)

                Invertase> sucrase vert means turn

Natural faculties and galen’s theory of digestion absorbtion and excretion

                Anatomically specific powers (dynameis)

                Faculty (L> facultas)power

                Dynam/o=power energy strength movement eg. Thermodynamics dynamometer

Functions of the gastrointestinal system

                Digestion

                Absorption

                Excretion

Digestion

                Digestion process

                Food s broken down by swallowing and chewing

                Then mixed with digestive juices n stomach

                Converts some food into absorbable molecules

Absorbtion

                Process

                Digested food molecules pass through the walls of the intestines

                Carried by the bloodstream to the body cells

Excretion

                Sold waste materials that are not absorbed are transported to the outside of body        

Anatomical regions of the abdomen

                Right hypochondriac region epgastric region umbilical region right lumbar region hypogastric region right inguinal region left hypochondriac region left lumbar region left inguinal region

Clinical quadrants of the abdomen

                Right upper quadrant  right lower quadrant  left upper quadrant  lower left quadrant

Center and the omphalos (Gr. naval) 

                There was a stone that zeus father ate thnng t was zeus and come to found out t wasn’t and zues sent out two eagle to fnd the center of the world and placed the stone.

Omphal/o

                Omphalocele (hernia at the naval)

                Omphaloangiopagus(joined at the naval and share a vessel conjoined twins)

                Omphalomesenteric ( naval middle intestines)

Mysentery –clear stuff that’s attached to the wall

Symptomatic terms

                What symptomatic term best describes this patient’s condition?

                                Ascites – too much fluid in his stomach.

Satyr and askos

                Large bag. 

Abdominocentesis(surgical cut in abdomen) paracentesis

                What to do to get rid of ascites drain the fluid out.

Which of the following has to do w/ stool (fecal matter):

                Diarrhea (transferring across)

                Steatorrhea (fat discharge)

                Melena (black fecal matter coagulated blood)

                Hematochezia (excessive bleeding bloody discharge)

What does hyperbilirubinemia literally mean?

                Excessive amount of red bail n the blood

Bilirubin- red color to bail

What s the synonym for jaundice?

                Hematemesis throwing up blood

                Cheilitis-inflammation of the lips

                Stomatitis- inflammation of the mouth

                Icterus

Icterus-oriole

                Icterus s the greek word for jaundice or oriole

What s the difference between nausea and indigestion?

                Nausea s a sign of indigestion

Nausea and seasickness

                Derived from greek word for ship naus.

Your patent complains of flatulence(fart) flatus-blowing/blast eructation (burp) eructare-to belch forth/vomit and halitosis(bad breath) halitus-breath/exhalation what are these symptoms?

Flatulence erucatation and humor

                Old comedy(4eight0-440)

                Aristophanes

                Political satire buffoonery involving burps farts and sexual innuendo

-itis

Inflammation of the is:

mouth

salivary gland

lip

tongue

gums

esophagus

stomach

pancreas

small intestine

lower portion of the small intestine

stomach and small intestine

colon

peritoneum

liver

bile duct

gallbladder

rectum and anus

TEST 6 STARTS HERE AND ABOVE 4/11/11 class notes

Gastrointestinal System

                Digestion, absorption, excretion

Today’s Lecture

Combining forms for the GI system

                Or/o      mouth                  orad (towards the mouth)/ os uteri (os means mouth, mouth of uterus)

                Stomat/o                             stomatognathic(mouth gnath – jaw ic-pertaining to mouth and jaw ) / Aphthous stomatitis( inflammation of the mouth / aphthous- pertaining to sores )

                Cheil/o (chil/o) lip                           cheilophagia (condition of eating your lips, biting lips)/ cheiloplasty(lip job)

                Labi/o                                                   labiochorea (tremmoring lips)/ labium urethrae (labium, lip/lip of the urethra)

                Dent/I                   tooth                     dentia tarda(condition of teeth late coming in )

                Dentin/o                                              dentinoclast (structure or thing that breaks down dentine )

                Odont/o                                              megodontia ( condition where someone has large teeth)

NB dentin/o = dentin

                Gingiv/o               gum                       hyperplastic gingivitis (excessive formation of inflammation of the gum)

                Gloss/o                                tongue                 ankyloglossia (condition of the tongue crooked or stiff)

                Lingu/o                                                 linguoclination (clination- process of leaning towards tongue)

                Bucc/o                  cheek/mouth    retrobuccal(pertaining to the cheek behind) / buccoversion(version-turning towards the cheek)

Buccoclination and linguoversion

1)      Buccoclination

2)      Linguoversion

3)      Rotation

Bocca Della Verita

                Water fountain, but myth is that if you stick your hand in the mouth and tell the truth you’re fine but if you tell a lie you will get your hand bitten off

                Sial/o     saliva                     sialoaerophagy ( phagy –swallowing process of swallowing hair and saliva)

                                                                Submandibular(2)/parotid(1)/sublingual(3)

                Esophago            esophagus          esophageal atresia ( the asophagus never developed a whole )/ asophageal apoplexy (  )

                Nasal cavity,palate, oral cavity, pharynx, epiglottis, larynx opening to pharynx,…etc.

Abdomin/o         abdomen            abdominocentesis (surgical term abdomen)

Celi/o                                                    celiosalpingectomy(access point abdomen fallopian tube surgery)

Cel/o

Lapar/o                                                                laparosalpingotomy (going through the side to get to the fallopian tube to make an incision

Peritone/o          peritoneum        parietal peritoneum (pertaining to the side )/ visceral peritoneum (closest to the organs )

Gastr/o                                stomach               gastrodidymus (joined at the stomach didymus-twin)/gastroplication ( placation-process of making a fold (in the stomach))

Pylor/o                 pylorus (Gr. Gatekeeper)             pylorostenosis (narrowing gate of the stomach)               

Sphincter and the riddle of the sphinx

                To strangling or binding something

                The riddle of the sphinx- what in the morning walks on four legs, afternoon walks on two, in the evening walk on three?  Mankind epipus solved this riddle

                Hepat/o               liver                       hepatalgia (liver pain)

                Hepatic/o                                            hepaticolithotripsy (tripsy-surgical grinding or breaking down something, breaking down of stones in the liver)

                Bil/I                        bile                         bilirubin (red bile chemical in the liver)

                Chol/e                                                  cholagogue( stimulates bile production)

                                Cholangiogastrostomy(making a mouth, in the vessel, of a bile duct, making a mouth with the stomach and bile duct)

                Choleric and the four temperaments

                Cyst/o                   bladder or sac                    cholecystectomy (gallbladder being removed)

                Doch/o                 duct                                       choledochotomy (incision into the common bile duct)

                Enter/o                                small intestine                   myenteron (smooth muscle of the intestines)

                Duodenum/ jejunum/ileum

                Duoden/o           duodenum                         duodenal (pertaining to the duodenum)

                                Hepatocholangiocystodiodenostomy (making a mouth between the liver,bile duct, gallbladder, to the duodenum)

                Jejun/o                                jejunum (empty)             jejunojejunostomy(making a mouth to connect two parts of the jejunum)

                Pancreatitis and jejunojejunostomy

                Ile/o                      ileum                                     ilea ( more than one ileum)/adynamic ileus(no movement in ileum )

NB ilium , pl. ilia-one of the bones of each half of the pelvis

                Col/o     colon                                                     colostomy (mouth from the colon to a sac)

                Colon/o                                                                                colonoscopy ( process where you’re looking inside the colon)

                Tube in the anus to see what’s going on in the colon

                Appendic/o        appendix                             appendicectasis ( dialation of the appendix)/appendicitis (inflammation of the appendix)

                Sigmoid/o           sigmoid colon                    cecosigmoidostomy (ceco-cecum blind portion of the large intestine/connection from the cecum to the sigmoid)

                Rect/o                  rectum (straight)              rectosigmoid (straightening out the sigmoid)/ rectolabial(pertaining to the rectum and the labia female)

                An/o                      anus                                      anoscope ( look inside the anus with)/anostosis (condition where there is a lack of bone)

                NB annulus-ring shaped structure

Annulus-roman ring

                Procto/o              anus and rectum together           proctococcypexia (condition surgical fixation of anus and rectum coccix)

                Prolapsed rectum/anus

                                Prolapsio-sliding or slipping