4/6/11 Class Notes

Pharmaceutical and Chemical Terms

Today’s Lecture

Paracelsus and alchemy

Pharmaceutical and chemical term components

Alchemy and Paracelsus

                Hermes Trismegistus(three times great)(hermes messenger god)(mixture of two pagan religions, Egyptian thought with hermes), alchemy(where we get chemistry, to pour in, ergy-to work with)(change or exchange when talking about hermes)(study or belief that you can change a worthless metal into something of value like silver or gold,al is Arabic) (someone gets used with medicine like elixirs, philosopher stone is believe that there is an element or liquid that had the power to change metal into gold and forever young)(talismans ), and medicine

                Paracelsus(beyond greek medicine) (1493-1541), Hermetic Pharmacology(He was Christianized or made into a religious figure, looked at him from as a modern Moses, he understood greek medical work, but he was interested in other things.  He saw that all you needed to do is look at nature, sulphate, sulphur or salt, mercury, he was concerned with minerals.  Changed chemical composition and used mercury in a lot of his medical elixirs.  Spoke or wrote german.  Burned all the books known about medicine at the time) referring to alchemy (hermetic pharmacology) when we use hermetic pharmacology we think of air tight.

Drug Names

Generic Names: Naproxen

                                Naphthyl(a derivative of naphthalene)+propionic acid + oxy + -en(as in ibuprofen)

                Trade/Brand name: Anaprox, Naprelan, Naprosyn, Aleve

                Classification: Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs

Classifications

                Anesthetic(pertaining to a lack of feeling)

                Analegesic(pertaining to lack of pain0

                Sedative(sooths or smooths something out, smooths the nerves)

                Hypnotic(pertaining to sleep)^subgroups of hypnotic

                Antiboitic(pertaining to life)

                Antineoplastic(against new formations)

                Antiemetic(pertaining to vomiting)

                Antidiuretic(against the passing through urine)

                Antitussive(against coughing)

Greek: Chemical Elements

                Arsenic                 Arsenikos-Male, brave

                Chlorine               Khloros-greenish yellow

                Argon                    A+ergon-no work

                Phosphorus        Phos+pherein-light bearer

                Selenium             selene-moon

                Osmium               osme-smell

                Krypton                                Kryptos-hidden

                Helium                  helios-sun

Promethium(Prometheus,titan god gives back fire to mankind, zeus punishes him by having an eagle eat his liver/chest every day) and Tantalum(tantalos, feeds his son to the gods, demeaning to the gods, punish him to underworld, he is in water every time he wants to drink the water moves away from him, and fruit is from his head and he can’t eat it because it moves away, tantalum avoids water)

Greek numbers

Eis(mon-)

Duo(di)

Treis

Tetra

Pente

Hex

Hepta

Octo

Ennea[nona-]

Deka

Dodeka

Treiskaideka

Pentekaideka

Eiko

Greek:chemical compounds and complexes

                Carbon monoxide(CO)

                Tetraaquadichlorochromium(Cr(H2O)4Cl2)

                Hypochlorite(less of oxygen, one less than a chlorate)

                Perchlorate(one more oxygen than chlorate)

                Hydrochloric (water mixed with hydrochloride becomes hydrochloric acid)

Greek: Classes of compounds

                Tetragonal(4 angles in it’s structure)

                Octahedral (pertaining to 8 sides)

                Isomer (mer-part equal parts)

                Polymer (many parts)

                Stereoisomer (3D is equal arrangements)

Chirality(Gr. Cheir-hand)

                Enantiomers (enantio-opposite parts)

Latin and isomers

                Cis-on this side of

                Trans-across

Greek:general terms

                Isotope (same place)

                Ion(ienai-to go)

                Cation vs. anion (kata vs. ana)

                Cathode(the downward way) vs. anode(upward way) (hodos-way, path)

                Stoichiometry(stoichion-element)(study of mathematic equations dealing with chemical elements)

                Azeotrope (zein-to boil) (not change when boiled)

                 Eutectic(tektos-melted)(place that has been melted together)

Latin Element Names/Symbols

                Radium                 radius-ray

                Fluorine               fluere-to flow(-flux)

                Cu                           Cuprum (copper, made in Cyprus)

                Fe                           Ferrum (iron)

                Ag                           Argentum (gold)

                Au                          Aurum (silver)

Gallium-Gaul (welsh)

                Julius Caesar, Gallic Wars”Gallia est omnis divisa in partes tres” Gallia is divided into three parts

Latin Numberal and ordinals

1)Unus                 primus

2)Duo                    secundus

3)Tres                   tertius

4)Quattuor         quartus

9)Novem                             nonus

10)Decem                           decimus

100)Centum                       centesimus

1,000)Mille                          millesimus

Latin Chemistry Terms

                Solvere(to loosen, to dissolve)  solution, solvent, aerosol

                Valentia(strength)                           covalence

                Siccare(to dry)                                   desiccated

4/4/11 Class Notes

The Ear

Ancient Treatment

                Celsus (1^st century AD)

                                Aurium morbi

                                                Ear aches/ drainage

                                                Hearing loss

                                                Tinnitus(too much phlegm in the head)(ringing)

                                                Removal foreign bodies

                                                Plastic surgery

Aural(pertaining to the ear) Atresia(condition of perforation)

                Meatus, opening

                Tresis, a perforation

                                Dacryagogatresia? Dacry(tear) agogue(convey or carry)

Symptomatic Terms

                A patient who complains of otalgia(ear ache), otorrhea(drainage from ear), tinnitus(ringing of the ear), and vertigo(spinning, turning,dizziness):

Types of Vertigo

                Alternobaric vertigo (bar-pressure alterno-change)

                Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo(benign-not harmful paroxysmal-sudden)

Diagnostic Terms

                Anacusis(total deafness)

                Bradyecoia(partial deafness)

                Palinacusis(backwards/again/déjà vu)tumor on the auditory nerve or dealing with the brain itself

                Presbyacusis(loss of hearing because of old age)

                Amblyacousia(ambly-dull hearing)

                Paracusis (abnormal hearing)

                Oxyacusis/hyperacusis(hyper sensitive or excessive hearing)

                Pseudacousma(acousma-thing itself, false hearing,hallucination)

                Logokophosis (kophosis-total deafness word deafness)

Diagnostic terms

                Which of the following is a problem of the middle ear:

                                Salingemphraxis-blocking the Eustachian tube so you can’t change in pressure and can bust your ear drum.

                                Ceruminosis-wax before ear drum

                                Labyrinthitis-labyrinth is in the inner ear. Cochlea

Anatomical Terms

                All of the following are true of the cochlea, except:

                                It is derived from the greek word for land or sea snail

                                It contains the organ of corti

                                Contains the semicircular canals.  FALSE

                                It is where the nerve impulses for hearing are generated.

Mastoiditis

Infection that starts in the inner ear.  Mastoid appears like a breast.  Inflammation of the bone mastoid.  It can infect the middle ear and inner ear. 

Tempormandibular joint syndrome(TMJ)

                Effects the middle ear and the estacian tube.  Can cause loss of hearing.

Diagnostic terms

                Which of the following is a conductive hearing loss(auditory nerve or cochlea):

                                Otosclerosis Right answer-hardening of the ear.  Increased bone formation on the stapes.

                                Meniere’s disease-where the person has too much indolymph swelling of it

                                Acoustic neuroma-benign tumor on the nerve. 

                Stapedectomy-solution for otosclerosis if it becomes bad enough.

4/1/11 Class Notes

The Ear

Today’s Lecture

                History

                                Implanted air and the anatomy of the ear & Vitruvius and acoustics

                Terms

                                Anatomical terms and combining forms

Anatomy of the Ear

                Outer ear, middle ear, inner ear

                Outer: Pinna, external auditory canal, ear lobe

                Middle: Malteus(hammer), eardrum, incus(anvil), stapes(stirrup), oval window

                Inner: Semi-circular canals, auditory nerve, cochlea, Eustachian tube

Greek Hearing and Implanted Air

                Empedocles (c. 492-432BC)-

                Aristotle(384-322(BC)-aer implantatus

Roman anatomy and implanted air

Galen(129-210 AD)

                Auditory nerve

                Labyrinth

                Unaware of the function of the tympanic membrane and the ossicles of middle ear

Bony and membranous labyrinths

                Bony labyrinths go around the membranous labyrinth.  Membranous labyrinth goes around,..etc

Labyrinth – theseus and the minotaur(half bull half man) (king minos, power struggle, Neptune to be successful and minos is supposed to sacrifice the bull, but minos decides bull is too beautiful to kill, so the wife of minos falls in love with the bull, creates a wooden cow, has sex with the bull and outpops of the minotaur.  Theseus kills the minotaur. Spiritual meaning that when you go through the maze once you get to the center you will reach enlightenment.

Cochlea-gr. Koxlos-shell

Combining forms for the ear

                Acoust/o             hearing                 acoustic(pertaining to hearing)

                -acusis                  hearing condition             presbyacusis(old age hearing condition)/oxyacusis (acute hearing)

                -acousia                                               amblyacousia(dull hearing condition) / anacousia(total deafness)

Vitruvuis and acoustics

                Vitruvius de architechura (1^st century BC)

                                Acoustics of theatres

                                Dissonance(separates sounds, unclear sound), resonance(small sound that gets larger)

                                Bronze vessels

                                Seems he has a knowledge of sound waves.

Theatre(place of viewing), odeon(gr. Viewing place, theatre that’s covered in roman times), amphitheatre(around theatre, coliseum is an amphitheatre)) , and arena(place of combat sand on the floor), stadium (distance of greek)

                Audi/o                  hearing/sound                  audiometry(measuring how well someone can hear) / audioanesthesia(lack of sensation of hearing/ sound waves to numb something)

                Son/o                    sound                   ultrasonic(beyond hearing) / supersonic(beyond speed of sound)

                Aer/o                    air or gas              aerocele (air pouch)

                Aur/I                     ear                         auricle(outer ear) (pinna-wings)/ auriform(shape of an ear)

                Ot/o                                                      otitis medea(inflammation of the middle ear)/ aerotitis(inflammation of the middle ear because of air pressure)/ barotitis (same as aeroititis , pressure or weight)

NB bath/o-depth(gr. Bathus-deep/high)

                -otia                       ear condition(external)                 macrotia(large/long ears)/polyotia(more than two ears)/ anotia(no ears)

                Ot/o (gr. Ous-ear, handle on a vase, looks like an ear)

                Cerumin/o          wax                        ceruminosis(excessive amount of wax in the ear)/ceruminolysis(breaking down of wax, done with chemicals)

Wax(L. cera)

                Sincerus VS. sine cera(to grow up together, to grow whole, pure)

                Salping/o             tube(Eustachian/fallopia tube)                  rhinosalpingitis(tube into the nose)/salpingemphraxis(plugging or packing of the tube)

                Greek salpinx (war horn)

                Tympan/o           eardrum                              tympanic(pertaining to ear drum)/tympanum(ear drum)

Tympan/o (gr. Tumpanon-drum)-tambourine

                Myring/o                                                             myringotomy( )/myringomycosis/myringa(eardrum)

NB. Myring/o –eardrum vs. mening/o-membrane

3/30/11 Class Notes

The Eye

HOUSE QUIZ TODAY

Today’s Lecture

                History

                                Euclid’s optics/celsus describption of the eye

                Terms

Symptomatic Terms

What does the root scotoma mean?

                Darkness, tumor of darkness

                Scot/o-darkness

                Scotophobia-fear of the dark

                Scotopia(condition of vision in darkness)/photopia(condition of vision in light)

Central Scotoma(black dot in center of eye) vs. scintillating scotoma (L.scintillare-to sparkle)

Horizontal gaze nystagmus(where your eye nods) (nustazein-to nod in sleep)

Ageotropic nystagmus(a-away geo-ground trop-to turn)

Describe these 3 eye conditions

Drooping of the eye-blepharoptosis

Eye colors two different colors- heterochromia

Pupil is one large and one small- miosis

                Miosis vs. meiosis

                                Mio- or meio- less, fewer (gr. Meiov, less)

                Meiosis (less chromosome, more cells)

Euclid’s Optics (c. 300BC)

                Greek Mathematician

                Perspective

                Extramission

Refractive Errors: Hyperopia(farsighted) and myopia(nearsighted)

Refractive errors: Astigmatism(No Point)

                Cornea or the lens has a dent in it.  No focal point.  Not hitting on the center

Stigma and Stigmata

                St. Francis of Assisi (1182-1226)

Diagnostic Terms

                The group of eye diseases characterized by increased intraocular pressure that results in damage to the optic nerve

                Glaucoma(increased pressure)

                Scleritis (inflammation of the sclera)

                Macular degeneration(pertaining to the macular, changes)

                Cataract

Glaucoma-can cause blindness if it’s severe enough

Athena Glaukopis (GR. glaukos-light blue/silver)

Glaucoma-looks like a cataract is one symptoms

                Cataract (L. cataracta- waterfall)

Couching cataracts

                Celsus (c. 25BC-50AD) De Medicina

                Eye doctors-medici ocularii

                Insert needle into the eye and push the cataract away from the pupil

A triangular or wing-like fibrous growth of conjunctival tissue that extends onto the cornea is:

                Aphakia-condition without a lens

                Epiphora-a-thing phor-to carry or bear born upon profuse crying

                Trichiasis- tric/o hair iasis-condition abnormal eye turned in and hair bothering the cornea

                Pterygium-right answer

Pterygium- Gr. Pterygion-wing

A type of strabismus in which the eye deviates toward the nose is:

                -on means structure

                Esotropia (eso, towards, trop-turning, ia-condition, eye turns towards the nose)

                Exotropia(eyes turned out)

Strabismus(gr. Strabismus-squinting syn. Heterotropia)

Eyelid dysfunction:Entropion(eye lid turns in) and ectropion (eye lid droops away from the eye)

                Calisis relaxation of the eye

The term sty(e) is used synonymously with:

                Chalazion-type of problem where you get swelling in the eye(hail stone) no infection

                Hordeolum-right answer(grain of wheat) infection occur at the border of the eye lid

TEST 5 STARTS HERE AND UP!! 3/28/11 Class Notes

NOTE: I forgot my laptop so these notes are just what was on the slides.  Sorry about that, and I don’t have many of the definitions so you’ll have to look those up and do some extra studying.  Sorry!

The Eye

Today’s Lecture

                History

                                Ancient Theories of vision

                Terms

                                Combining forms

Ancient theories of vision

                Extramission-visual perception is brought about by light emitted from the eye

                Intromission-vision perception is from something representative of the object coming in contact with the eye

Anatomy’s role in ancient theories of vision

                Aristotle’s version of the eye

                Galen’s version of the eye

Vision

                Iris, pupil, cornea, retina, lens, macula, optic nerve

Light terms

                Reflection(L. reflectere, to bend back)

                Refraction(L. refringere, to break up or back)

                Miss-sending

Combining forms for the eye

                Aque/o                                water                    aqueous humor/aqueductus cerebri

                                Roman aqueduct (pont du gard)

                Blephar/o            eyelid                    blepharochalasis/ blepharoptosis

                                Chalasis-relaxation

                Conjuctiv/o        conjunctiva         conjunctivitis (pink eye)

                Corne/o               horny/hard(cornea)       corneal xerosis/ corneoblepharon

                Kerat/o                                                                                keratorrhexis

                Ir/o                        iris                                          iritis

                Irid/o                                                                     iridoplegia

                                Iris goddess of the rainbow/ messenger between heaven and earth

                Pupil

                Cycl/o                   circle(circular body)         cycloplegia

                                Cyclopia

                Lacrim/o              tear                                        lacrimotome

                Dacry/o                                                                                dacryocystitis/ dacryadenalgia

                                Lacrimal apparatus

                                Lacrimal gland vs lacrimal sac

                Ocul/o                  eye                                        oculogyria

                Ophthalm/o                                                       ophthalmotropometer

                Opt/o                                                                    panoptic

                                Argus and the peacock/argus panoptes

                Phac/o                  lens                                        phacolysis

                Phak/o                                                                 aphakia/pseudophakia

                Phot/o                  light                                       photon

                Presby/o             old age                                 presbyoia

                Retin/o                 retina                                    retinoschisis/ photoretinitis

                                L. rete, net retiarius

                Scler/o                  sclera                                    sclerakeratoiritis

                Vitre/o                 glassy                                    vitreous humor

Suffixes of the eye

                -opia (vision)

                                Hyperopia (farsightedness)

                                Ambiopia (diopia) (double vision)

                                Isopia (equal vision in both eyes)

                                Myopia (nearsightedness)

                                Asthenopia (weak vision)

                                Amblyopia (dull vision)

Snellen Eye Chart

3/23/11 Class Notes

Endocrine System

Today’s Lecture

                History

                                Herodotus: Natron and mummification, uroscopy

                Terms

                                Hormone suffixs symptomatic and diagnostic terms

Suffixes Hormones:

                -liberin  (releasing factor, to release a hormone)               Thyroliberin(Thyroliberin releases thyrotropin)

                -tropin  (stimulates)        Thyrotropin(stimulates the thyroid,literally)

                -statin   (standing, stops,inhibits a releasing)       Thyrostatin(inhibits thyroliberin)

                -tocin    (contractions,toc-to give birth)  Oxytocin(bring on stronger contractions)

                -lactin    (milk)    Prolactin(stimulating the milk in the breasts)

Islets of Langerhans and Insulin (L. Insula-islands) tissue saw little islands on the pancreas

                -pressin (to press)           Vasopressin(blood pressure constricts the arterials)

                -poietin( form or make)                                Erythropoietin(stimulates the making of red blood cells)

                -agon/-agogue (               to Lead or convey)          Glucagon(hormones that leads or conveys glucose)

                -gen(produce, create)   Estrogen(creates estro-drive )

Estrus Cycle- when female mammals are in heat

                Sarcrates-He was always questioning people, whether they knew what they thought they knew., they don’t know what they think they know.

Steroid Hormones

                Steroid Hormones

                                Sterol(gr. Stereos, solid + L/oleum, oil)

                                Sex hormones of the adrenal cortex

                                Testosterone

                                Progesterone (pro-before gest-to give birth)

Symptomatic Terms

                Hyperglycemia (too much sugar in the blood)

Your patient c/o frequent urination and excessive thirst.  The medial terms are these symptoms are:

                Polyuria(frequent urination), polydipsia(excessive thirst)

Which of the following medical terms means abnormally increased sodium…etc

                Calc/i-calcium (l.calx-lime)

                Kal/I-potassium(m.L. kalium-potash)

                Natr/o-sodium(l.L.natrium=Arabic natrun= gr. Nitron= Egyptian-ntr)

Herodotus: Natrium and Egyptian mummification

                5^th BC greek historian AKA father of history

                Egyptian mummification 2.86-87

                Three different methods which Egyptian embalmers used to treat dead bodies.

                Natrium was used to dry out the body

Symptomatic terms

                This individual exhibits what symptom links with increased androgens as in the case of adrenal virilism?

                Hirsutism-(L. hirsutus-covered with hair, rough, shaggy)

                                Adrenal virilism(L. virilis-of a man, manly, male)

                This individual illustrates what symptom commonly associated with hyperthyroidism?

                                Exophthalmos/exophthalmus –eyes going outside the body  particularly with graves to disease

Diagnostic Terms

                Which of the following diseases is associated with excessive production of the adrenal gland:

                                Cushing’s Syndrome - hyperadrenocorticism

                                                Excessive swelling, change in mood

                What is the fundamental sign which distinguishes diabetes mellitus(DM) from diabetes insipidus(DI)?

                                Gr. Diabetes, passing through, i.e. urine

                                L. mellitus, honey sweet

                                L.L. insipidus, tasteless= in0’not’ + sapidus ’tasty’ *fig. meaning ’uninteresting, dull’

                Urban legend: modern doctor, what very closely, so you can be an experts and a great dr. know all the signs,

                Uroscopy vs. urine analysis

                                The color of the urine would give different diagnostics.  To tell what sicknesses you had, or where you were in your healing process. Looking at artwork if you have someone looking through a flask it isn’t a scientist it’s a physician

                Which of the following can be attributed to problems with the function of the pituitary gland:

a)      Acromegaly

b)      Gigantism

c)       Dwarfism

d)      Cretinism

Acromegaly (too much growth hormone after adolescent)

John Hunter(1728-1793) and the Irish Giant, Charles Byrne

                John Hunter is the Father of scientific surgeon infected himself with syphilis, tore his Achilles, cut into an animal to see how it healed vs. how it healed in a human.  Hunter wanted Byrne’s body, but he didn’t want to Hunter to have his body.  Hunter got Byrne’s body. 

Gigantomachy

                Children of gia (earth) machy means war, Olympians and the giants to show the Olympians were superior, titans were earlier versions of the Olympians.  Culture vs. nature

Dwarfism

                Cretinism-(cretin-christian)-mental retardation prominent

                Pituitary dwarfism-shorter , height 4’11   

                Dwarf means little may have the problem with achondroaplasia , shorter limbs.

Which of the following is associated with hypothyroidism:

                Goiter(swelling in the neck)

                Myxedema(myx/muco-mucus) mucus swlling, waxy and hard