3/21/11 Class Notes

Endocrine System

            Hormones

Today’s Lecture

            History

                        Glands and hormones

            Terms

                        Endocrine system, combining forms

Ancient Views on Glands

            Hippocratic text, on Glands

            Terms *aden or boubon

            Character: spongy, oily and not like fleshy parts

            Function: regulates bodily moisture, removes surplus fluid

            Pathologies: excess flow-“when they suffer they make the rest of the body suffer”  Thought process was probably lymph nodes.

            Bubonic plague swollen lymph nodes.  Carried by a flee, headaches, appetite changes,

Hormones (gr. Horman- to excite)

            Secretin-william bayliss and ernest starling-1902

            The brown dog affair-1903-1910 Bayliss got in trouble with a group because he didn’t anestitzed him.  He won 2000 lbs.  anti-doggers who were against the anti-vivisections.  Statue was burned down into pavement.(?)

            Dissecting a dog alive, when touching the stomach a chemical as secreted. 

Exocrine vs. Endocrine

            Crine-secretion

            Exocrine-sebatous gland and they have a duct.

            Endocrine-to secrete within had no duct secrets it into the blood.

Endocrine System Overview

            Network of ductless glands and other structures

            Endocrine glands secrete hormones which affect function of targeted organs

Endocrine Glands

            Do not memorize all the hormones!  Know the diagnostic terms know what gland is causing the problem.

Combining Forms for the Endocrine System

            Aden/o            gland               adenoid(resembles a gland)/Adenine(-ine = carbon chemical ) / Adenase (-ase enzyme )/ Adenin(-in hormone )

            Pine/o              pineal Gland    pineoblastoma (-oma tumor blast-germs cell )/ Pineal Peduncle (peduncle – small foot )

            Pitu/I               pituitary gland                        pituicyte (pituitary cell)

            Pituit/o            (hypophysis)                pituitary fossa ( fossa- ditch shallow groove)

            Thyr/o             thyroid gland               thyroaplasia (lack of formation of the thyroid gland)

            Thyroid/o        thyroid gland               thyroidomania (abnormal inflammation)

Thereos (type of shield)

Parathydoid (along side the little shield)

            Thym/o            thymus gland/ mind    thymotoxic (adj. )/thymopoietin (hormone that makes

            Adren/o           adrenal gland              adrenotropic(turning and changing it)

            Adrenal/o                                            adrenotrophic(nutrition)

Ad-renal

            Supra-renal

            Pancreat/o      pancreas                     pancreatolithectomy (removal of stones from the kidney)/ Pancreatoncus(cancerous tumor)

            Test/o              testis                testosterone(steroid produced from the testicles)

            Testicul/o

            Testis unus, testis nullus two witnesses to convict someone.

            Roman goddess of justice, justitia sword shows capital punishment.  Scales mean justice, blind to show not partial

            Ovari/o            ovary               ovariogenic (orgin or creation of overies)

            Ovar/I              ovary               ovariprival (privade-to remove prival removal the ovaries and consequences of that removal)

            Andr/o             male                androgen (substance that creates male characteristics)

            Gyn/o              female             androgynous (neutral features, cannot recognize the sex)

Hermaphrodites (has both male and female sex organs) son of hermes and aphrodites beautiful young man didn’t really want to react to females and a nymph goes after him and to make them one she combines her female parts with his male parts.

            Crin/o              to secrete        crinogenic (creation of secretion)

            -crine                                       holocrine (complete picture, secretes the whole thing, secretes some of it’s cells)

            Dips/o              thirst                polydipsia (excessive thirst)/ haemadipsa (thing thirsty for blood, leach)

            Gluc/o             sugar               cytoglucopenia(abnormal reduction in sugar in a cell)

            Glucos/o                                  glucose

            Glyc/o                                      hyperglycemia (too much sugar in the blood)

            Glycos/o                                  glycosuria (sugar in the urine)/ glycosialia (sugar in the siliva)

            Ket/o               ketone bodies  ketosis (excessive ketone bodies)/ ketoacidosis (because of ketone bodies have acidity in blood)

            Hormon/o       hormone         hormonagogue (to lead  or conveys a hormone or stimulated)

3/9/11 Class Notes

Psychiatric Christmas Carols

                Nscissism: Hark! The Heralds Angels Sing About me!

                Mania: Deck the halls and walls and house and lawn and streets and stores and office and town and cars and busses and trucks and trees and fire hydrands and..We need more holly.

                Paranoia: Santa claus is coming to get me!

                Obsessive-complusive disorder: jingle bells, jingle bells, jingle bells, jingle bells, etc.

                Depression: silent anhedonia, holy anhedonia, all is flat all is lonely

                Schizophrenia: Do you hear what I hear?

Today

History:

                                4 temperaments, melancholy and hypochondriasis, epilepsy and the sacred disease

Terms: sympatic, diagnostic and psychiatry

Symptomatic terms

Which of the following words literally means ‘a condition of difficult articulation’?

                                Dysarthria

Combining forms for the nervous system

                Lex/o                    word or phrase                 alexia(word blindness)

                Arthr/o                 articulation/joint              dysarthria

                Phas/o                  speech                                 sensory aphasia(talk to you can’t understand, or what’s read)

                Lal/o                      speech                                 laloplegia( -plegia paralysis complete paralysis of speech)

                Lag/o                     word                                     logorrhea(diarrhea of the mouth)

Poli/o-grey

                Poliomyelitis (grey matter of the spinal cord inflammation)

                Polioencephalomeningomyelitis (grey matter in the brain and spinal cord and inflammation of menginges)

                Polioclastic (pertaining to the grey matter, breaking down)

What does myelomeningocele literally mean?

                Pouching of the spinal cord membrane

Spina bifida(cleft) occulta(hidden), meningocele(swelling of meninges), and myelomeningocele(spinal cord goes with the meninges)

Complete paralysis of one side of the body is:

                Hemiplegia(one side)

                Hemiparesis(partial)

                Paraplegia(half body,below)

                Quadriplegia(four limbs)

                Diplegia(two)

                Monoplegia(one)

                Triplegia(three)

-plesia(paralysis)

Cerebral palsy(paralysis)

                Quadriplegia (all four limbs are involved)

                Dipleasia( all four limbs are involved. Both legs are more severly effected than the arms)

                Hemiplegia(one side of the body is affected.  The arm is usually more involved than the leg)

What type of epilepsy is a major motor seizure involving all muscle groups characterized by violent movements?

                Grand mal seizure & tonic(muscle tension)-clonic seizure            

                ABSENSE SEIzure (small sprint of falling asleep) petit mal seizure (same as prior)

Epilepsy (gr. Epilepsia-to seize upon) the gods were coming upon someone (either pos. or neg.)

Seizure (o.fr. seisir, to take possession of)

Hippocrates On the sacred disease

                5^th BC

                Attacks the notion that the ‘sacred disease’ is caused by a visitation of the gods

                Provides a physiological explanation for the ‘sacred disease’

                The sacred disease is no more sacred than any other disease, nature is sacred so all disease is caused by nature so it’s sacred.  Essentially what happens when you’re born you have a lot of phlegm in their head and some have them cleaned out when we are born and some don’t and later on in life when the phlegm comes does it being cold, when it hits the heat of blood it causes convulsions.

Huntingtons chorea (HD)

                Choreoathetosis

                                Chore/o-dance

                                Athet/o-lawless

Chorea and greek chorus

                Greek chorus, participate of people who would come out and sing and dance. Choreography

Terms related to the mind

                Psych/o (gr. Psyche-soul, mind)-psychosis(condition of the mind, hallucinations dilusions)

                Phren/o (gr. Phren-midriff, mind)-schizophrenia(dillusions)

                Thym/o(gr. Thumos-emotion,mind)- dysthymia(difficult emotion, chronic depression)

                Ment/a(l. mens-thought, mind)-dementia(away from ones mind, loss of mental function progressive)

                No/o(gr. Nous-intellect, mind)-paranoia(abnormal mind condition, persecution type of thought)

                **neur.o(gr. Neuron, nerve sinew)-neurosis(mal adaptive condition, overreact, OCD)

Thumos thymus gland thumOs emotion passion

A symptomatic terms

                A restless, dissatisfied mood is associated with which term?

                                Dysphoria (baring difficultly)

                                Euphoria (baring something well, exaggerated state of thinking of wellness)

                                Apathy( lack of emotion)

                What is the difference between a delusion and delirium?

                                Delusion(l. deludere-to deceive)

                                Delirium(l. de + lira-furrow) (away from the row)(not in touch with reality)

                                                Via appia-deviant behavior(going away from the norm)

Which of the following is a mood disorder?

                Mania

                Manic depression(bipolar)

                Autism (condition of the self)(can’t relate outside themselves)

                Ideation(form, species, process of ideas, suicidal tendencies or thoughts that keeps coming back)

Mania-maenad(women followers of dianysis, get into an ecstatic state doing crazy stuff king of thieves rejected dianysis and he goes out to get the king and gets him to see  and they rip him to shreds)

Which of the following are anxiety disorders?

                All of them

                Phobia-phobos the greek god of fear (son of aries and aphriditi)

                Aries in greek mythology is looked down upon, associated with disorderly war.  Athena is positive sense.  Aries in roman he is positive

Agoraphobia (fear of public spaces/outdoors)

Panic disorders (god pan, idea of too much anxiety over something unrealistic)(battle of marathon, pan goes off to marathon ..etc)

Four temperaments(too much)

1.       Choleric (yellow bile, short tempered)

2.       Melancholic (black bile, smarter, mania, depressed)

3.       Phlegmatic ( phlegm, lethargic)

4.       Sanguine ( blood, amorous, full of love, passionate)

Hypochondriasis(lower than the cartilage) and melancholy

                Galen believed that black bile was in the spleen.  Black bile could produce a state where you focus too much on your sickness and you’re depressed.

Anorexia nervosa –an/orex (gr. Orexis-appetite)/ia

Bulimia nervosa (gr. Boulimia-ravenous hunger)

                Parorexia(abnormal condition of appetite, for foods that are abonormal)

                Xenorexia( desire for things that are foreign)

                Hyperorexia (

                Orthorexia nervosa(focus on eating good foods excessively)

3/7/11 Class Notes

Nervous System & psychiatry

‘Midway through the exam, Allen pulls out a bigger brain’

Today’s Lecture

History

                                Galen, nemesius of emesa, brain mapping

Terminology

                                Combining forms

Combining forms for the nervous system

                Cerebr/o             cerebrum(L. brain)          cerebral cortex(pertaining to the cerebrum, cortex outer portion)

                Cortic/o                cortex(l. rind)

Cerebrum and cerebellum

                Cerebrum, corpus callosum, cerebellum, pons(bridge), medulla

                Cerebell/o          cerebellum (l. small brain)            cerebellifugal( )/cerebellipetal( )

                Fugal-L. fugere-to flee

                Petal-l. petere-to seek

                Efferent(away)/afferent(towards)

                Encephal/o         entire brain        encephalatrophy(atrophy of the whole brain) / encephalomere(-mere part of the brain)

                Pons , ponti-, pontifex maximus (fex-maker the greatest maker of a bridge) (high priest)

Combining forms for the nervous system and psychiatry

                Ventricul/o         ventricle (little belly or pouch)   ventriculogram (picture of a ventricle)/ventriloquist(speaking from their stomach)

                Ventricular system of the human brain

                                Central part of the left lateral ventricle, third ventricle,…etc.

Galen, Nemesuis of Emesa and Brainmapping

                Christian philosopher/bishop,

                c. 390 AD, on the Nature of man

                frontal cavities-sensation and imagination

                central cavity-intellectual thought

                posterior cavity-memory

                Galen didn’t map the brain, nemesius of emesa was the first to map the brain, he wasn’t a physician.  ‘I want to prove that god created the human body’ Leonardo diVinci

Lobe, Gyrus, Modern brain mapping

                Frontal lobe, premotor area, motor area, general sensory area, sensory association area, parietal lobe, occipital lobe, visual association area, visual area, etc

Homunculus (little man)

                Homo- man or human being , same

Combining forms for the nervous system & psychiatry

                Thalam/o             thalamus/ chamber

                                Takes care of all sensation, hypothalamus –regulates metabolism fluid retention.

                Thalamus-chamber or inner room in an ancient greek house place where the mistress slept and you would keep your most valuable possesstions

                Mening/o            meninges (membrane)                 meningomalacia

                Meningi/o                                                                           myelomalacia/spondylomalacia

Menix-pl. meninges (gr. Membrane)

                Dura mater arachnoid    pia mater             brain

                The meninges are the membranes covering the brain and spinal cord.

Arachne and Minerva (Athena)

                Arachne can weave very well, Athena is the godess of the arts.  Arachne says shes better than Athena.  Athena says are you sure want to say you’re better than Athena and she says yeah I’m better.  Athena hits arachne over the head and arachne hangs herself and Athena turns her into a spider so she can weave the rest of her life.

                Gangli/o               ganglion (gr. Knot)           ganglion

                Ganglion

                Gli/o      glue       gliocyte (glue cell)

                Astrocyte (star cell)

Glial cell-gliocyte

                Ependymal cells, oligodendrocytes , astrocytes, microglial cells, dendrites

                Gnos/o knowing               agnosia (abnormal condition no knowledge)(no knowledge of sensations coming to you)

                Esthesi/o             sensation            paresthesia (abnormal sensation)

                Sthen/o                               strength               myasthenia gravis (lack of muscle strength)

                -mnesia                                memory               amnesia(lack of memory)/paramnesia(abnormal memory)

                Stere/o                                3 dimensional or solid    astereognosis (lack of knowledge of three dimensional objects)

                Top/o    place     atopognosia (condition where there is a lack of knowledge of place)

                Somat/o              body      somatanesthesia(loss of body sensation)

                Narc/o  stupor, sleep     narcotic (drug that affects the central nervous system but brings about sleep)

                Somn/o                                sleep     somnambulism (sleep walking)

                Hypn/o                 hypnosis, sleep, sleep inducing                                 hypnonarcosis (condition where the person is hypnotized and is accentuated and given narcotics)

                Thanat/o             death                    thanatobiological (pertaining to life and death or process of)

                Thanatos( god of a warriors death) and hypnos (god of sleep)

                -lepsy                    seizure                 narcolepsy (falling asleep)

                Gr. Lepsis-taking hold, seizing

                NB lept/o-thin, slight, delicate; e.g. leptomeninges (thin or delicate membranes)

                -plexy                   stroke                   apoplexy(stroke/bad hemorrhaging in an organ)

                NB. Plexus (l. braid) brachial plexus(pertaining to arm, network of nerves, or arteries)

                Kinesi/o               movement         dyskinetic

                Tax/o    order or coordination     ataxic speech (uncoordinated speech)

                -paresis                                slighter paralysis               oroparesis

                -plegia                  paralysis                               glossoplegia

                -asthenia             weakness                            phonasthenia (weakness of speech)/ myasthenia gravis

                NB. Esthesi/o(sensation) and sthen/o(strength)

From here and above Test 4!

3/2/11 Class Notes!

Respiratory System

Today’s Lecture

History

                                Hippocratic treatments of respiratory diseases

Terms

                                Anatomical terms, symptomatic and diagnostic terms

Upper vs. Lower respiratory tract

                Conducting passages

                                Upper respiratory tract, nasal cavity pharynx, larynx

                                Lower respieratory tract trachea, primary bronchi, etc.

Anatomical terms

                Glottis (gr. Mouth of windpipe)

                Epiglottis-(epi(upon)-glottis) closes off the trachea

NB. Glottis-ulimately derived from the greek word for tongue (glotta)

Trachea

                Gr. Trakheia arteria lit. rough airpipe

NB. Trachy-rough; thachyphonia(rough, horse voice), dysphonia(difficult to speak with a horse voice)

                Artery is a carrier of air.

Anatomical terms: carina(ridge or anatomical spine)

                Left and right bronchi

Anatomical Terms

                Carina-L. keel of a boat-structure with a projecting central ridge

                                Argo navis (Jason and the argonots)

                Stroma-foundation-supporting tissues of an organ. i.e. connective tissue

                                Gr. Stroma-anything spread out for lying or sitting on. i.e. like a bed covering

                Parenchyma-functional tissue of an organ

                                Gr. Parenchuma-anything poured in beside

Symptomatic terms

                -pnea

                Eu-good

                Brady-slow

                Trachy-fast        

                Hypo-shallow

                Hyper-deep

                Dys-difficult

                A-lack of

                Ortho-upright

Breathing sounds

                Crackles/rales (fr. Rrattle)

                                Intermittent, nonmusical and brief

                                Poping/Velcro sound

                Wheezes/Rhonchi (gr. Rhoncus-a snore)

                                Continuously during inspiration or expiration

                                High pitched and have a shrill or squeaking quality

                Stridor (l. stridor-whistling cry)

                                High pitched harsh sound heard only during inspiration

Symptomatic: lung sounds

                Crackles-sound 1

                Course rales

                                Indicative of bronchiectasis or atelectasis

                Sound 2-stridor

                Stridor

                                Obstruction of the upper airway (trachea or larynx)

                Sound 3-wheezes/rhonchi

                Wheezes/rhonchi

                                Asthma or emphysema

                Sound 4-darth vader

General symptomatic terms

                You notice your patient’s voice is hoarse and he tells you that he has been spitting up blood.  What are the medical terms for these symptoms?

                Hemoptysis—ptysis=expectoration/spitting

                Dysphonia-phon/o=voice (gr. Phone-voice or sound)

Ancient treatment of hemoptysis

                Blood is getting in the lungs so they would tie off all limbs. 

Diagnostic terms

                Pleural effusion

                                Pyothorax=empyema

                                Hemothorax(blood in the pleural space)

                                Chylothorax(cial(lymph) in the pleural space)

                                Hydrothorax(seris fliud in the pleural space)

Hippocratic treatment of empyema

                Listen, take a metal tube and cut a whole under the rib and drain out, then pulled out the metal tube and let heal by itself.

Pneumothorax=collapsed lung

Hippocratic fallen lung

                 A is how we think of them

                B is how the hippocratics looked at it

                C  is why they though the rubbery sound happened.

                Animals have small lungs so they thought we have small lungs.

                Would blow up the lungs to get it to move back to the correct place

Restrictive vs. obstructive pulmonary disease

                Restrictive: restrictive pulmonary diseases cause lungs to lose their ability to hold as much air as usual

                Obstructive: decreased expiratory flow

                Normal, pneumoconiosis(restrictive), emphysema(obstructive)

Pneumoconiosis

                Healthy lung vs. lung suffering from pneumoconiosis

Diagnostic Terms

                Asthma (gr. Panting)

                                Status asthmaticus(status-condition(chronic) status-standing)

Emphysema(gr. Emphysan-to inflate)

Cystic Fibrosis

                Cystic fibrosis-(cyst/o-gr. Kystis-bladder)Fibr/o-l-fibra-thread

                                Mucus blocks air sacs (albeoli) in the lungs

                                Mucus blocks pancreatic ducts

                                Pancreatic duct

Pulmonary edema

                Accumulation of fluid in the air sacs (aveoli) in the lungs

Diagnostic terms

                Atelectasis

                                Atel/o=imperfect, incomplete

                Tele-distance     tel/o, teleo-end, completion

Airless portion of the lung.

Pulmonary tuberculosis

                Tubercle(l. tuberculum-little swelling)

                Rounded spot on the bone, small nodular lesion, grandular tissue(granuloma)

Caseous necrosis (ger. Kase) cheese like wasting away of tissue