2/14/11 Class Notes

Musculoskeletal system

                Did you know St. Valentine is also the patron saint of plague?(patron of epilepsy and love)

Today’s Lecture

                History

                                Human anatomy

                Terms

                                Anatomical position, planes, motion, naming bones, naming muscles

Human Anatomy, Vivisection, and…lovesickness

                Erasistratus(3^rd century BC) Stratonice, and Antiochus

                Didn’t practice before or after Erasistratus.

                Dissection alive and dead with Aristotle.  Lots of poets, mathmatitions, and physicians

                Vivisections on human beings in the name of science, the criminals would be dissected alive. First to list valves of hearts, arteries and veins. 

                Erisistratus, goes to help the king’s son Antiochus, who has love for the kings wife.  When stratonice walks by his heart goes.  The king gives his wife to his son.

                Lovesickness was a legitimate disease in antiquity.  A disease of the soul, to cure it distract them to calm the soul. 

Anatomical Description of the Skeleton

                Galen (2^nd century AD)

                                Bones for beginners(teach the bones first, anatomical procedures)

                                Gr. Skeletos (dried out)

                                A capite ad calcem(from the head to the heel)(they would talk about the skull, then go all the way down to the neck, arms, and body)

The Skeleton

                Axial skeleton(the head ribs and spinal cord) Hyoid bone is part of the axial skeleton REMEMBER

                Appendicular Skeleton (extremities, illium and ischium part of the appendicular REMEMBER)

Body Planes

Sagittal plane (cut right down the center) (pertaining to the arrow, right through the middle)

                                Lateral(farther away from sagittal plane), medial(closest to sagital plane)

                Coronal or frontal plane (plane of the crown)

                                Anterior(front/verntral) and posterior(back/dorsal)

                Transverse plane

                                Superior/inferior

Body Movements

                Flexsion(to bend)(flex-bent)(flect-bent)(anterior portion/sagittal plane), extention(stretch out)(posterior,sagittal plane)

                Abduction(A.b.duction away from duct-to lead or convey )(Lateral)/Adduction(toward to convey )(medial)

                Rotation(transverse plane, spin on one spot)(Cercumduction, all planes)

                Eversion(away)(vers/vert-turn)/inversion(towards or into)

                Pronation/supination(hands supinate, anatomical position)

                Dorsiflexsion(bending towards the back)/Plantar flexsion(bending towards the bottom of the foot)

Is Vitruvian Man depicting a plane of motion?

                Yes, Coronal, signifies proportion, called vitruvian man because the roman architect, this is based on his study of the proportion of a human being, felt that nature was the model of architecture, because it does nothing in vain it does everything right.  Wrote down the ideal proportions of man. A perfect ear is 1/3 the length of the head.  If you extend both arms out on a perfect person the height and the length of the arms are equal. 

Names of Bones: Atlas and the World

                Atlas is the bone that is at the top of your cervical column, atlas holds up the pillar of the sky who is a titan and is holding it because of punishment.

                Atlas is holding up the sky, in a circle because the sky rotated around the earth, which is why the constellations’ rotated but in sync with the seasons. If atlas dropped the colmn the sky would fall on the earth

Names of Bones: Fibula and Infibulation

                Looks like a safety pin. Infibulation is safe sex. Used a pin inside.  Sowing up the ‘va-jay-jay’

Names of Bones: The Talus and the Bronze Giant Talos

                Talos is the greek giant who was an autobaton (robot) he was bronze he had icorn in him which is the blood of the gods.  There to protect greek.  He was weak of the Talus (ankle) he has some sort of nail or qork so if this was pulled out he would have all his icorn drip out and he would die. 

The Vertebrae

                We have numbers to reference

                                Cervical (C1-C7)

                                Thoracic (T1-T12)

                                Lumbar (L1-L5)

                                Sacrum (5 fused pieces)

                                Coccyx (3-4 fused pieces)

                                                Remember that the top one is the first one

Which vertebrae are fractured?

                                Lumbar(level 3) T12

Surface Anatomy and the Dimples of Venus

                Different spots are different levels of the spine, L5 and S1 is dimples of Venus

Philtrum and Cupid’s Bow

                Philtrum means love potion

                The portion of the lips on the upper lip that has the dimpled area. 

The muscles (don’t try to memorize all the muscles)

                Just wants you to know how they are named

Classification of muscles

                What is the difference between rhabdomyoma(myoma begnine)(rhabdo means striated muscle) and leiomyosarcoma(sarc/o cancerous)(Leio means smooth)?

Smooth vs. Striated Muscle

                Cardiac muscle cell

                Skeletal muscle cell

                Smooth muscle cell

                Sarcomere (smooth part of the flesh)

Names of Skeletal Muscles

                Location of Origin and Insertion

                                Coracobrachialis

                                                Origin-Corac/o (portion for movement that’s fixed) (flexsion of the shoulder) (coracoids is not moving)(coracoid ravens beak)

                                                Insertion-brachi/o (is moving)(arm)

                Number of Origins

                                Biceps(two heads/origins)

                                Triceps(three heads/origins)

                                Quadriceps(four heads/origins)

                NB Caput. Gen. capitis (ceps)

                Shape.

                                Deltoid

                                Rhomboid

                                Trapezeous

                Size

                                Maximus(large)

                                Minimus(small)

                                Brevis(short)

                                Longus(long)

                Anatomical Position

                                Laterial vs. medial            Superior vs. inferior

                                Vast (broad/big)

                Movement

                                Flexor Digitorum longus (long flexor of the digits(fingers or toes))

Digitus Medicinalis and vena amoris

                Medical Finger (the ring finger)

                First century AD in Alexandria, when from the ring finger all the way to the heart. 

                Vena Amoris vein of love.

2/11/11 Class notes

Integumentary System

                ‘It’s just a flesh wound’

Today’s lecture

                Pg. 121 on (Just study what’s in the lecture)

                History: treatment of lesions

                Terminology: Types of lesions, general symptomatic and diagnostic terms, grafts, know the pictures of lesion differences.

What’s the difference between a lesion and a wound?

Wound vs. lesion

                Wound-Break in the continuity of soft parts of the body caused by violence or trama to the tissue

                Lesion L. Laidere-to strike hurt, injure, damage

                                Pathologically altered tissue

                                Injury or wound

                NB Nemo laeditur nisi a se ipso (no one is wounded unless by himself)

Hippocratic care for lesions

                On Ulcers (Gr. Helkos)

                                Classification of ulcers

                                                Time(chronic/acute, summer/winter), area(where it occurs, arms/belly more blood flow), drainage(pus(blood turns into pus), blood(‘good bleeding’ but not too much), clean(drying it out ASAP), clear)

                                Treatments

                                                Bandages and dressings(astringent, or to moist things, wine, vinegar, honey, copper, mer, frankensence), regiment(more liquid less food, so you don’t produce a lot of blood), evacuation(purging, enema, bleeding(if blood becomes pus, we don’t want too much blood), Get the food out of you(food turns into blood))

                In the surgery:

                                “Bandaging should be quick, without pain, with ease, and done with elegance.”

Disproving treatment of bleeding

                Juice from a fig tree

                Oros clots milk; therefore, oros will clot blood

                In actuality, the juice prevents clotting

Primary and secondary and vascular lesions (P. 106)

                Know these shapes!! Bigger or larger in the category

                Primary lesion(change on previously normal skin) caused by disease or pathological change

                Secondary lesion (sequala, occur as a result of the disease)

                Puritis – severe itching

                Excoriation ( secondary lesion caused by scratching)

                Any type of lesion that’s vascular in nature is a vascular lesion.

Primary lesions: discolored nonpalable

                Macula-L. physical spot or moral stain

                -ex. Freckle, macula lutea, immaculate (in-into im-not)(without spot)

                Patch-flat discolored area larger than 1cm (eg. Vitiligo=leukoderma)

                L. vitium-fault, defect, blemish, imperfection

                In vitio esse (to be in fault)

Primary lesions: elevated, palpable solid masses

                Plaque – M. Fr.-metal plate, coin (e.g. psoriasis) (like a coin , an edge that’s raised but flat on top) lion head over head (hercules)

                Nodule-L. nodulus(little knot) nodus (large knot) lymph node

                Nodule, solid, raised, goes below the epidermis

Primary Lesions: elevated formed with fluid

                Vesicle-L. vesicular little bladder, anything made from a bladder or purse)

                Fever blister(herpes labialis) herpes (creepy and crawly thing of the lip)

                Vesica biliaris(gallbladder) bladder of bial

                Bulla- L. round swelling, an amulet poison oak or poison ivy

                The amulet filled with little penis’ inside to help turn away evil, mark of a child

Seconday Lesions

                Excoriation-L. Ex-out + corium-hide ation –process

                Keloid-gr. Kele-swelling, hernia + -iod (scar that goes out beyond the bounds that it should)

                Hypertrophic scarring hyper-excessive troph-nourishment

                NB. Troph/o-nourishment

                Trop means to turn

                What is the medical term for scar?

                                Singular Cicatrix-pl. cicatrices

                Cicatrices corpora adverso exceptae (scars received on the front of the body)

Vascular Lesions

                Talangioectasia

                                Tel, tele-Gr. Telos-end/gr. Tele-distance

                                Angi/o-vessel

                                -ectasis-dilation

                                Dilations of the vessels that are the small ones

                Ecchymosis-bruise(humor is coming out)

                                Ec-out/away

                                Chym-gr. Chymos-juice or humor

Know the common term

                Nevus-mole

                Verruca-wart

                Furuncle-biol

                Urticaria-hives

                Pruritus-itching

Memorize common terms

Know the common term

                If someone is saying nice comedo, he is saying?

                                You have a zit

                l. comedo-I eat up, consume

diagnostic terms

                phagedena

                gr. Phagedaina- ‘the devouring disease’

                today the term phagedena and phagedenic is used for a sloughing(separeation from dead tissue to living tissue) ulcer that spreads quickly.

Diagnostic terms:personification

Gangrene (gr. Gangraina-grao-I gnaw)

Impetigo(l. impetere-to attack) caused by a strain of bacteria(staphylococcus aureus) that produces a toxin which splits the epidermis (very contagious)

                Herpes zoster= shingles

                Herp/o herpet/o-crawling or creeping

                Zoster-gr. Girdle

                Ninth layer of Hercules-must conquer of amazon

                Lupus-(l. wolf) autoimmune disease characterized by inflammation of various parts of the body

                Tinea-L.Worm fungal skin diseases

                                Tinea corporis(ring worm of the body)

                                Tinea barbae(ring worm of beer)

                                Tinea pedis(ring worm of the foot)

                                Tinea capitis= (of the head) tinea tonsurans which is cutting

                                Tinea cruris(groin, crotch)

                                Tinea manus(hand)

Alopecia and fox mange

                Baldness, not mange.  Alopecia (mange of the fox)

                Mange (mites)

                Alopecia(baldness today)

Scabies

                Scabies(l. scabere-to scratch) a contagious infestation of the skin with the itch mite causing intense itching and papules and vesular

Diagnostic terms

                Ichtheyosis

Operative terms

                Autograft-Gr. Autos self(tissue from self onto self)

                Homograft-Gr. Homos-same(tissue of same species onto self)

                Allograft-allos other of several

                Xenograft-foreign

                Heterograft-other of two

NB graft(carve out tissue) vs. graph(divise you measure with.)

Diagnostic tests and procedures

                Biopsy- (bio-life + opsy-view, gr. Opsis-vision) removal of small piece of living tissue for microscopic exams

                Autopsy( looking at it for youself, like a cadaver)

2/9/11 Class Notes.

Integumentary system

“Hey Bart, your epidermis is showing.  See your epidermis means ‘your hair’ so technically its true.’-Nelson muntz

Today’s Lecture

History

Function of skin

Terminology

Combining forms

Anatomic terms

Things to focus on

Abbreviations not important, medications aren’t important (endings are important)

Combining forms and anatomical terms know how to break words into component parts.

Myedimology.com

Integumentary System

                L. Integumentum-convering, cloak, or disguise

Integumentary System (parts)

                Includes

                                Skin and its appendages

                                                Hair, nails, sweat, sebaceous glands

Integumentary System (Behavior and function)

                First line of defense against bacteria, chemicals, and injury

                Helps regulate temperature-sweat

                Prevents water loss or gain

                Sensory

Does not help with respiration unless you are a frog or worm

Ancient notions of skin breathing

                Blood vessels ‘breath’ through pores in the skin

                                Via movement vessels draw in and expel out air (pneuma) through channels in the skin

                                Regulates heat in the body.

                Breathing in bringing in cold hair and cools off the heat in the body

                Breathing out you get rid of the heat in your body

Proponents of skin breathing

                Empedocles (c. 492-432) Philosopher/physician

                Galen (AD 129-c. 210)physicians/ philosopher

Combining forms (same meaning)

Adip/o  fat          adipoid(fat …)/adipocyte(fat cell)

Lip/o      fat          lipoma(fat bump)/lipocele(hernia with fat inside)

Steat/o fat          steatolytic(dissolving fat)/steatopygia (condition of fat in the butt)

Combining forms

                What are the three combining forms of the skin?

                                Derm/o                                skin        epidermis(upon the dermis)/dermad(toward or to the skin)

                                Dermat/o                            dermatomyoma(tumor skin muscle)/dermatogens(a substance that creates skin)

                                Cutane/o                             subcutaneous(under the skin)

The skin (diagram)

Basal and squamous layer are in the epidermis

Dermis

Then subcutaneous

Epidermis

                Squamous layer –(L. Squama-scale, ie fish, armor)

                                Stratum(stretched out thing) corneum(hard)

                Basal Layer (l. basis-foundation, pedestal, base)

                                Stratum germinativum

                                                Germinare – to spring forth, produce

                                                L. –ivum capacity to/ability to

Dermis

                True skin

                Connective tissue layer

                Contains:

                                Blood and lymphatic vessels

                                Nerves and nerve endings

                                Glands

                                Hair follicles

                                Network of elastic and collagen fibers(…)

Subcutaneous

                Layer below dermis

                Composed of loose connective tissue and adipose fat layer

Epithelium (upon nipple structure)

                Types of epithelium

                                Simple squamous

                                Simple cuboidal

                                Simple columnar

                                Stratified squamous

                                Stratified cuboidal

                                Pseudostratified columnar

                                Transitional

                NB Thel/o nipple eg poly thelia

Combining forms (same meaning)

                Corne/o               hard       stratum corneum

                Corn/I                                   cornification(process of making something hard, deals with the skin hard)

NB corne/o = cornea of the eye

Cornu cutaneum (the skin horn)

                Person has excessive tumor of skin growth

Cornucopia (the horn of plenty)

Associated with zeus feeling sorry for the goat he makes the horn to produce whatever the holder of it wants. Always associated with some river god with a male holding the horn with grapes and agricultural products coming out of it.

Combining forms (same meaning)

                Corne/o               hard       stratum corneum

                Sclera/o                               scleroderma(red scaley skin)/ corneosclera (is the white of the eye)

                Kerat/o                Hard (horn)        keratin (substance that makes something hard)/hyperkeratosis ( a condition with excessive hard skin)

                Triceratops (three cerat means horn)

                Sudor/I                 sweat                    sudoriferous(adj. pertaining to conveying or carrying a sweat)/sudorific(producing sweat)

                Hidr/o                                                   hidropoiesis(formation of sweat)/hidrosis(condition of sweat or excessive sweating)

NB hidr/o-sweat vs. hydr/o-water

                Plas/o                   formation                            dysplasia (condition or faulty, difficult or painful formation)/fibroplasia(condition of fiber formation)

                -plastic                                                                  fibroplastic (pertaining to fiber formation)

                -plast(id)                                                              chloroplast (substance that forms something green) organelle that’s inside the plant that creates the green

                Hist/o                    tissue                    histoclastic (noun)

                Histi/o                                                   histioblast(noun)

Suffix –Blast

                -blast (gr. Blastos-germ, shoot, or sprout)-thing in an embryonic state of development

Suffix –clast

                -clast (gr. Klastos-broken) thing that breaks down a substance

Combing forms

                Sarc/o   flesh(soft tissue/muscle/fat)                      sarcoma (tumor of flesh)/sarcomere(a structure that contacts in the muscle mer/o part mere part)/sarcolemma (the membrane that goes around the sarcomere –lemma membrane)/sarcophagidae(fly that eats flesh)

                Sarcophagus (put the body of the flesh in a casing that eats the flesh)

Combining forms

                Skin vs tissue vs flesh, what’s the difference?

                Skin is an organ and is composed of different types of tissues

                Tissue is a group or collection of similar cells and their intercellular substance that act together for a particular function

                Flesh is soft tissue, especially the muscles, of an animal

Onych/o              nail         onychocryptosis(condition of a hidden nail, ingrown toe nail or hair)

                                                Paronychia(condition alongside the nail, inflammation alongside the nailbed)

                                                Onyx (stone has sort of the color of the nail)

                Myc/o   fungus                  mycosis (condition of fungus)/mycoderma(mucous membrane)

                NB myc/o can also mean mucous. Gr. Mykes-means fungus and  the gr. Mykos means mucous

Here and Above

IS TEST 2!

2/7/11 Class.

Since class was cancelled on the 4th, we are taking the test today.  I'm just posting these so later on in the semester I'll remember why there aren't any class notes here.

2/4/11 Class

Class on the fourth was cancelled, obviously, so no class notes.

2/2/11 Class Notes

Medical Terminology

                Health Care Records

Today’s Lecture

History

Ancient pharmacy

Pharmacopeias(making drugs)

Simple(unmixed, only one component) and/or compound(mixed together, mineral and herb) drugs

Recipes(don’t have measurements)

NB. Pharmac/o-drug, medicine, Gr. Pharmakon-drug, medicine, poison

Collecting and making medications

Medication trade

Storage

Making

Harder it is to get the more potent, went to physician to get medicines no pharmacies.

Kept drugs in boxes. Used mortar and pestle

Administering meidication

p.o. (food, drink)

PV(pessary)per vagina

PR(clysters)per rectum

Topical (ointments)

Fumigation(woman the would sit on a seat and they would heat a bowl under her)

NB-Clysis(washing)

Physician’s error?

                                Have patient repeat to you what they need to do.

Route

                Demerol IM q3h p.r.n. severe pain IM(intramuscular)

                IM-intramuscular

ID indradermal

IV intravenous

SC, SQ, Sub-Q-subcutaneous

SL -

PV

PR

P.o.

Last one is intradermal

First is subcutaneous

Intramuscular middle one

Roman and Arabic numbers

Ii tab means 2

Vi six

Ix nine

I or I =1

V or v=5

X or x =10

L = 50

C=100

D=500

M=1000

Subtraction rule

Iv=4 ix=9 xl=40 xc=90 cd=400 cm=900

949=dccccxxxxviiii=cmxlix

N.B.  Al-jabr w’al muqabalah- algebra

Common prescription abbreviations

Statim-immediately

Ter in die-three time /day

Quaque hora-every hour

Pro re nata-as needed

Noctis(nocte)-at night

Ante meridiem -(morning)

Post cibum- after you eat

Non (nihil)per os -not per mouth

Quarter in die –four times a day

Right eye             OD          oculus dexter

Left eye                               OS          oculus sinister

Left ear                                AS           auris sinistra

Right ear              AD          auris dexter

Sinister and Augery

Augery flight of birds and there direction would tell you if the gods approve or disprove  left is good right is bad or could listen to the call of the bird

Left sinister is not always bad.

Test 1. Info on Blackboard

                Bring your student id

                Don’t be late

                Leave a seat between you and your neighbor

                Be sure to fill in your name, eid, and the test form before you begin taking the test

Types of questions

                Spelling

                Which term is spelled correctly?

B) osteoarthritis

                Definition of word components

                The prefix in periarticular means:

                                Around

                Definition of word components

                All of the following mean pertaining to except

-ule

                Categories of suffixes and prefixes

                Which of the following medical terms is operative ssurgical

                                Gastropexy

                Construction

                The term whose literal definition is removal of half the stomach:

                                Hemigastroectomy

                Pronunciation

                Cephalic is pronounced

                                Se-fal’ik

                Plural and singular endings

                Plural of macula is

                                Maculae

                Analysis

                The term cardiopulmonary contains ___combining forms/roots

                                2

                General and etymological information

                Most of the terms related to diagnosis and surgery have ___ origin

                                Greek

                Medical records:abbreviations

                r/o

                                                rule out

                a with line over it

                                ante and before

                common medical record terms

                increase in the severity of a disease with aggravations of symptoms

                                exacerbation

                info about progress note, H&P and prescription

which of the following is part of the signa

how frequently the patient should take the mediciation

                Viagra: tab 1 q2h p.o. should read:

                                Take one tablet by mouth every two hours

                Study the medical records in the practice exercises at the end of the chapter

Please carefully read the information for test 1 on blackboard and consult your syllabus before e-mailing me with a question about the test.