3/30/11 Class Notes

The Eye

HOUSE QUIZ TODAY

Today’s Lecture

                History

                                Euclid’s optics/celsus describption of the eye

                Terms

Symptomatic Terms

What does the root scotoma mean?

                Darkness, tumor of darkness

                Scot/o-darkness

                Scotophobia-fear of the dark

                Scotopia(condition of vision in darkness)/photopia(condition of vision in light)

Central Scotoma(black dot in center of eye) vs. scintillating scotoma (L.scintillare-to sparkle)

Horizontal gaze nystagmus(where your eye nods) (nustazein-to nod in sleep)

Ageotropic nystagmus(a-away geo-ground trop-to turn)

Describe these 3 eye conditions

Drooping of the eye-blepharoptosis

Eye colors two different colors- heterochromia

Pupil is one large and one small- miosis

                Miosis vs. meiosis

                                Mio- or meio- less, fewer (gr. Meiov, less)

                Meiosis (less chromosome, more cells)

Euclid’s Optics (c. 300BC)

                Greek Mathematician

                Perspective

                Extramission

Refractive Errors: Hyperopia(farsighted) and myopia(nearsighted)

Refractive errors: Astigmatism(No Point)

                Cornea or the lens has a dent in it.  No focal point.  Not hitting on the center

Stigma and Stigmata

                St. Francis of Assisi (1182-1226)

Diagnostic Terms

                The group of eye diseases characterized by increased intraocular pressure that results in damage to the optic nerve

                Glaucoma(increased pressure)

                Scleritis (inflammation of the sclera)

                Macular degeneration(pertaining to the macular, changes)

                Cataract

Glaucoma-can cause blindness if it’s severe enough

Athena Glaukopis (GR. glaukos-light blue/silver)

Glaucoma-looks like a cataract is one symptoms

                Cataract (L. cataracta- waterfall)

Couching cataracts

                Celsus (c. 25BC-50AD) De Medicina

                Eye doctors-medici ocularii

                Insert needle into the eye and push the cataract away from the pupil

A triangular or wing-like fibrous growth of conjunctival tissue that extends onto the cornea is:

                Aphakia-condition without a lens

                Epiphora-a-thing phor-to carry or bear born upon profuse crying

                Trichiasis- tric/o hair iasis-condition abnormal eye turned in and hair bothering the cornea

                Pterygium-right answer

Pterygium- Gr. Pterygion-wing

A type of strabismus in which the eye deviates toward the nose is:

                -on means structure

                Esotropia (eso, towards, trop-turning, ia-condition, eye turns towards the nose)

                Exotropia(eyes turned out)

Strabismus(gr. Strabismus-squinting syn. Heterotropia)

Eyelid dysfunction:Entropion(eye lid turns in) and ectropion (eye lid droops away from the eye)

                Calisis relaxation of the eye

The term sty(e) is used synonymously with:

                Chalazion-type of problem where you get swelling in the eye(hail stone) no infection

                Hordeolum-right answer(grain of wheat) infection occur at the border of the eye lid

TEST 5 STARTS HERE AND UP!! 3/28/11 Class Notes

NOTE: I forgot my laptop so these notes are just what was on the slides.  Sorry about that, and I don’t have many of the definitions so you’ll have to look those up and do some extra studying.  Sorry!

The Eye

Today’s Lecture

                History

                                Ancient Theories of vision

                Terms

                                Combining forms

Ancient theories of vision

                Extramission-visual perception is brought about by light emitted from the eye

                Intromission-vision perception is from something representative of the object coming in contact with the eye

Anatomy’s role in ancient theories of vision

                Aristotle’s version of the eye

                Galen’s version of the eye

Vision

                Iris, pupil, cornea, retina, lens, macula, optic nerve

Light terms

                Reflection(L. reflectere, to bend back)

                Refraction(L. refringere, to break up or back)

                Miss-sending

Combining forms for the eye

                Aque/o                                water                    aqueous humor/aqueductus cerebri

                                Roman aqueduct (pont du gard)

                Blephar/o            eyelid                    blepharochalasis/ blepharoptosis

                                Chalasis-relaxation

                Conjuctiv/o        conjunctiva         conjunctivitis (pink eye)

                Corne/o               horny/hard(cornea)       corneal xerosis/ corneoblepharon

                Kerat/o                                                                                keratorrhexis

                Ir/o                        iris                                          iritis

                Irid/o                                                                     iridoplegia

                                Iris goddess of the rainbow/ messenger between heaven and earth

                Pupil

                Cycl/o                   circle(circular body)         cycloplegia

                                Cyclopia

                Lacrim/o              tear                                        lacrimotome

                Dacry/o                                                                                dacryocystitis/ dacryadenalgia

                                Lacrimal apparatus

                                Lacrimal gland vs lacrimal sac

                Ocul/o                  eye                                        oculogyria

                Ophthalm/o                                                       ophthalmotropometer

                Opt/o                                                                    panoptic

                                Argus and the peacock/argus panoptes

                Phac/o                  lens                                        phacolysis

                Phak/o                                                                 aphakia/pseudophakia

                Phot/o                  light                                       photon

                Presby/o             old age                                 presbyoia

                Retin/o                 retina                                    retinoschisis/ photoretinitis

                                L. rete, net retiarius

                Scler/o                  sclera                                    sclerakeratoiritis

                Vitre/o                 glassy                                    vitreous humor

Suffixes of the eye

                -opia (vision)

                                Hyperopia (farsightedness)

                                Ambiopia (diopia) (double vision)

                                Isopia (equal vision in both eyes)

                                Myopia (nearsightedness)

                                Asthenopia (weak vision)

                                Amblyopia (dull vision)

Snellen Eye Chart

3/23/11 Class Notes

Endocrine System

Today’s Lecture

                History

                                Herodotus: Natron and mummification, uroscopy

                Terms

                                Hormone suffixs symptomatic and diagnostic terms

Suffixes Hormones:

                -liberin  (releasing factor, to release a hormone)               Thyroliberin(Thyroliberin releases thyrotropin)

                -tropin  (stimulates)        Thyrotropin(stimulates the thyroid,literally)

                -statin   (standing, stops,inhibits a releasing)       Thyrostatin(inhibits thyroliberin)

                -tocin    (contractions,toc-to give birth)  Oxytocin(bring on stronger contractions)

                -lactin    (milk)    Prolactin(stimulating the milk in the breasts)

Islets of Langerhans and Insulin (L. Insula-islands) tissue saw little islands on the pancreas

                -pressin (to press)           Vasopressin(blood pressure constricts the arterials)

                -poietin( form or make)                                Erythropoietin(stimulates the making of red blood cells)

                -agon/-agogue (               to Lead or convey)          Glucagon(hormones that leads or conveys glucose)

                -gen(produce, create)   Estrogen(creates estro-drive )

Estrus Cycle- when female mammals are in heat

                Sarcrates-He was always questioning people, whether they knew what they thought they knew., they don’t know what they think they know.

Steroid Hormones

                Steroid Hormones

                                Sterol(gr. Stereos, solid + L/oleum, oil)

                                Sex hormones of the adrenal cortex

                                Testosterone

                                Progesterone (pro-before gest-to give birth)

Symptomatic Terms

                Hyperglycemia (too much sugar in the blood)

Your patient c/o frequent urination and excessive thirst.  The medial terms are these symptoms are:

                Polyuria(frequent urination), polydipsia(excessive thirst)

Which of the following medical terms means abnormally increased sodium…etc

                Calc/i-calcium (l.calx-lime)

                Kal/I-potassium(m.L. kalium-potash)

                Natr/o-sodium(l.L.natrium=Arabic natrun= gr. Nitron= Egyptian-ntr)

Herodotus: Natrium and Egyptian mummification

                5^th BC greek historian AKA father of history

                Egyptian mummification 2.86-87

                Three different methods which Egyptian embalmers used to treat dead bodies.

                Natrium was used to dry out the body

Symptomatic terms

                This individual exhibits what symptom links with increased androgens as in the case of adrenal virilism?

                Hirsutism-(L. hirsutus-covered with hair, rough, shaggy)

                                Adrenal virilism(L. virilis-of a man, manly, male)

                This individual illustrates what symptom commonly associated with hyperthyroidism?

                                Exophthalmos/exophthalmus –eyes going outside the body  particularly with graves to disease

Diagnostic Terms

                Which of the following diseases is associated with excessive production of the adrenal gland:

                                Cushing’s Syndrome - hyperadrenocorticism

                                                Excessive swelling, change in mood

                What is the fundamental sign which distinguishes diabetes mellitus(DM) from diabetes insipidus(DI)?

                                Gr. Diabetes, passing through, i.e. urine

                                L. mellitus, honey sweet

                                L.L. insipidus, tasteless= in0’not’ + sapidus ’tasty’ *fig. meaning ’uninteresting, dull’

                Urban legend: modern doctor, what very closely, so you can be an experts and a great dr. know all the signs,

                Uroscopy vs. urine analysis

                                The color of the urine would give different diagnostics.  To tell what sicknesses you had, or where you were in your healing process. Looking at artwork if you have someone looking through a flask it isn’t a scientist it’s a physician

                Which of the following can be attributed to problems with the function of the pituitary gland:

a)      Acromegaly

b)      Gigantism

c)       Dwarfism

d)      Cretinism

Acromegaly (too much growth hormone after adolescent)

John Hunter(1728-1793) and the Irish Giant, Charles Byrne

                John Hunter is the Father of scientific surgeon infected himself with syphilis, tore his Achilles, cut into an animal to see how it healed vs. how it healed in a human.  Hunter wanted Byrne’s body, but he didn’t want to Hunter to have his body.  Hunter got Byrne’s body. 

Gigantomachy

                Children of gia (earth) machy means war, Olympians and the giants to show the Olympians were superior, titans were earlier versions of the Olympians.  Culture vs. nature

Dwarfism

                Cretinism-(cretin-christian)-mental retardation prominent

                Pituitary dwarfism-shorter , height 4’11   

                Dwarf means little may have the problem with achondroaplasia , shorter limbs.

Which of the following is associated with hypothyroidism:

                Goiter(swelling in the neck)

                Myxedema(myx/muco-mucus) mucus swlling, waxy and hard

3/21/11 Class Notes

Endocrine System

            Hormones

Today’s Lecture

            History

                        Glands and hormones

            Terms

                        Endocrine system, combining forms

Ancient Views on Glands

            Hippocratic text, on Glands

            Terms *aden or boubon

            Character: spongy, oily and not like fleshy parts

            Function: regulates bodily moisture, removes surplus fluid

            Pathologies: excess flow-“when they suffer they make the rest of the body suffer”  Thought process was probably lymph nodes.

            Bubonic plague swollen lymph nodes.  Carried by a flee, headaches, appetite changes,

Hormones (gr. Horman- to excite)

            Secretin-william bayliss and ernest starling-1902

            The brown dog affair-1903-1910 Bayliss got in trouble with a group because he didn’t anestitzed him.  He won 2000 lbs.  anti-doggers who were against the anti-vivisections.  Statue was burned down into pavement.(?)

            Dissecting a dog alive, when touching the stomach a chemical as secreted. 

Exocrine vs. Endocrine

            Crine-secretion

            Exocrine-sebatous gland and they have a duct.

            Endocrine-to secrete within had no duct secrets it into the blood.

Endocrine System Overview

            Network of ductless glands and other structures

            Endocrine glands secrete hormones which affect function of targeted organs

Endocrine Glands

            Do not memorize all the hormones!  Know the diagnostic terms know what gland is causing the problem.

Combining Forms for the Endocrine System

            Aden/o            gland               adenoid(resembles a gland)/Adenine(-ine = carbon chemical ) / Adenase (-ase enzyme )/ Adenin(-in hormone )

            Pine/o              pineal Gland    pineoblastoma (-oma tumor blast-germs cell )/ Pineal Peduncle (peduncle – small foot )

            Pitu/I               pituitary gland                        pituicyte (pituitary cell)

            Pituit/o            (hypophysis)                pituitary fossa ( fossa- ditch shallow groove)

            Thyr/o             thyroid gland               thyroaplasia (lack of formation of the thyroid gland)

            Thyroid/o        thyroid gland               thyroidomania (abnormal inflammation)

Thereos (type of shield)

Parathydoid (along side the little shield)

            Thym/o            thymus gland/ mind    thymotoxic (adj. )/thymopoietin (hormone that makes

            Adren/o           adrenal gland              adrenotropic(turning and changing it)

            Adrenal/o                                            adrenotrophic(nutrition)

Ad-renal

            Supra-renal

            Pancreat/o      pancreas                     pancreatolithectomy (removal of stones from the kidney)/ Pancreatoncus(cancerous tumor)

            Test/o              testis                testosterone(steroid produced from the testicles)

            Testicul/o

            Testis unus, testis nullus two witnesses to convict someone.

            Roman goddess of justice, justitia sword shows capital punishment.  Scales mean justice, blind to show not partial

            Ovari/o            ovary               ovariogenic (orgin or creation of overies)

            Ovar/I              ovary               ovariprival (privade-to remove prival removal the ovaries and consequences of that removal)

            Andr/o             male                androgen (substance that creates male characteristics)

            Gyn/o              female             androgynous (neutral features, cannot recognize the sex)

Hermaphrodites (has both male and female sex organs) son of hermes and aphrodites beautiful young man didn’t really want to react to females and a nymph goes after him and to make them one she combines her female parts with his male parts.

            Crin/o              to secrete        crinogenic (creation of secretion)

            -crine                                       holocrine (complete picture, secretes the whole thing, secretes some of it’s cells)

            Dips/o              thirst                polydipsia (excessive thirst)/ haemadipsa (thing thirsty for blood, leach)

            Gluc/o             sugar               cytoglucopenia(abnormal reduction in sugar in a cell)

            Glucos/o                                  glucose

            Glyc/o                                      hyperglycemia (too much sugar in the blood)

            Glycos/o                                  glycosuria (sugar in the urine)/ glycosialia (sugar in the siliva)

            Ket/o               ketone bodies  ketosis (excessive ketone bodies)/ ketoacidosis (because of ketone bodies have acidity in blood)

            Hormon/o       hormone         hormonagogue (to lead  or conveys a hormone or stimulated)

3/9/11 Class Notes

Psychiatric Christmas Carols

                Nscissism: Hark! The Heralds Angels Sing About me!

                Mania: Deck the halls and walls and house and lawn and streets and stores and office and town and cars and busses and trucks and trees and fire hydrands and..We need more holly.

                Paranoia: Santa claus is coming to get me!

                Obsessive-complusive disorder: jingle bells, jingle bells, jingle bells, jingle bells, etc.

                Depression: silent anhedonia, holy anhedonia, all is flat all is lonely

                Schizophrenia: Do you hear what I hear?

Today

History:

                                4 temperaments, melancholy and hypochondriasis, epilepsy and the sacred disease

Terms: sympatic, diagnostic and psychiatry

Symptomatic terms

Which of the following words literally means ‘a condition of difficult articulation’?

                                Dysarthria

Combining forms for the nervous system

                Lex/o                    word or phrase                 alexia(word blindness)

                Arthr/o                 articulation/joint              dysarthria

                Phas/o                  speech                                 sensory aphasia(talk to you can’t understand, or what’s read)

                Lal/o                      speech                                 laloplegia( -plegia paralysis complete paralysis of speech)

                Lag/o                     word                                     logorrhea(diarrhea of the mouth)

Poli/o-grey

                Poliomyelitis (grey matter of the spinal cord inflammation)

                Polioencephalomeningomyelitis (grey matter in the brain and spinal cord and inflammation of menginges)

                Polioclastic (pertaining to the grey matter, breaking down)

What does myelomeningocele literally mean?

                Pouching of the spinal cord membrane

Spina bifida(cleft) occulta(hidden), meningocele(swelling of meninges), and myelomeningocele(spinal cord goes with the meninges)

Complete paralysis of one side of the body is:

                Hemiplegia(one side)

                Hemiparesis(partial)

                Paraplegia(half body,below)

                Quadriplegia(four limbs)

                Diplegia(two)

                Monoplegia(one)

                Triplegia(three)

-plesia(paralysis)

Cerebral palsy(paralysis)

                Quadriplegia (all four limbs are involved)

                Dipleasia( all four limbs are involved. Both legs are more severly effected than the arms)

                Hemiplegia(one side of the body is affected.  The arm is usually more involved than the leg)

What type of epilepsy is a major motor seizure involving all muscle groups characterized by violent movements?

                Grand mal seizure & tonic(muscle tension)-clonic seizure            

                ABSENSE SEIzure (small sprint of falling asleep) petit mal seizure (same as prior)

Epilepsy (gr. Epilepsia-to seize upon) the gods were coming upon someone (either pos. or neg.)

Seizure (o.fr. seisir, to take possession of)

Hippocrates On the sacred disease

                5^th BC

                Attacks the notion that the ‘sacred disease’ is caused by a visitation of the gods

                Provides a physiological explanation for the ‘sacred disease’

                The sacred disease is no more sacred than any other disease, nature is sacred so all disease is caused by nature so it’s sacred.  Essentially what happens when you’re born you have a lot of phlegm in their head and some have them cleaned out when we are born and some don’t and later on in life when the phlegm comes does it being cold, when it hits the heat of blood it causes convulsions.

Huntingtons chorea (HD)

                Choreoathetosis

                                Chore/o-dance

                                Athet/o-lawless

Chorea and greek chorus

                Greek chorus, participate of people who would come out and sing and dance. Choreography

Terms related to the mind

                Psych/o (gr. Psyche-soul, mind)-psychosis(condition of the mind, hallucinations dilusions)

                Phren/o (gr. Phren-midriff, mind)-schizophrenia(dillusions)

                Thym/o(gr. Thumos-emotion,mind)- dysthymia(difficult emotion, chronic depression)

                Ment/a(l. mens-thought, mind)-dementia(away from ones mind, loss of mental function progressive)

                No/o(gr. Nous-intellect, mind)-paranoia(abnormal mind condition, persecution type of thought)

                **neur.o(gr. Neuron, nerve sinew)-neurosis(mal adaptive condition, overreact, OCD)

Thumos thymus gland thumOs emotion passion

A symptomatic terms

                A restless, dissatisfied mood is associated with which term?

                                Dysphoria (baring difficultly)

                                Euphoria (baring something well, exaggerated state of thinking of wellness)

                                Apathy( lack of emotion)

                What is the difference between a delusion and delirium?

                                Delusion(l. deludere-to deceive)

                                Delirium(l. de + lira-furrow) (away from the row)(not in touch with reality)

                                                Via appia-deviant behavior(going away from the norm)

Which of the following is a mood disorder?

                Mania

                Manic depression(bipolar)

                Autism (condition of the self)(can’t relate outside themselves)

                Ideation(form, species, process of ideas, suicidal tendencies or thoughts that keeps coming back)

Mania-maenad(women followers of dianysis, get into an ecstatic state doing crazy stuff king of thieves rejected dianysis and he goes out to get the king and gets him to see  and they rip him to shreds)

Which of the following are anxiety disorders?

                All of them

                Phobia-phobos the greek god of fear (son of aries and aphriditi)

                Aries in greek mythology is looked down upon, associated with disorderly war.  Athena is positive sense.  Aries in roman he is positive

Agoraphobia (fear of public spaces/outdoors)

Panic disorders (god pan, idea of too much anxiety over something unrealistic)(battle of marathon, pan goes off to marathon ..etc)

Four temperaments(too much)

1.       Choleric (yellow bile, short tempered)

2.       Melancholic (black bile, smarter, mania, depressed)

3.       Phlegmatic ( phlegm, lethargic)

4.       Sanguine ( blood, amorous, full of love, passionate)

Hypochondriasis(lower than the cartilage) and melancholy

                Galen believed that black bile was in the spleen.  Black bile could produce a state where you focus too much on your sickness and you’re depressed.

Anorexia nervosa –an/orex (gr. Orexis-appetite)/ia

Bulimia nervosa (gr. Boulimia-ravenous hunger)

                Parorexia(abnormal condition of appetite, for foods that are abonormal)

                Xenorexia( desire for things that are foreign)

                Hyperorexia (

                Orthorexia nervosa(focus on eating good foods excessively)