NOTE: The bold lettering was the title of the slide or what was covered on the slide, the highlighted words are the answers to questions (if multiple choice). I got 99% of everything written on each slide and what the words covered in class meant.
Topics covered
History of medicine
Galen and semantics
Medical terminology
Semantics
Plurals
Pronunciation
Galen (129-c. 210 AD)
Personality like house
Physician/ philosopher
Makes up 1/6 of the information we have in medical terminology
Galen and semantics
Apepsia(condition of which there is no digestion) vs. dyspepsia (difficult/painful/incomplete digestion)
Enkephalos(the thing inside the head)
Ephemeros (on the day, meaning 24 hour fever basically) fevers weren’t a symptoms they were a disease.
N.B. Pept/o, peps/o-digestion; encephal/o-brain, ephemeral- brief duration
Semantics of ancient medical terms
Cholera-vomiting/ diarrhea lose a lot of water (caused because of sanitation of water problems)
Typhus-dileriam due to fever (infection where fever is a part of it)
Eczema- humors boiling and rotting causing a sore (allergic reaction, very specific type of growth)
Roots that have more than one meaning
Myel/o- bone marrow or spinal cord
Which structure does myelorrhaphy refer to?
Spinal cord
Practical problems
Cervical-L. cervix-neck
Cervic/o- neck
-al-pertaining to
Therefore a cervical exam involves testing of the neck.
Commonsense and context
Cardiospasm
Cardi/o-heart
-spasm-involuntary contraction
Cardiac sphincter in the top part of the stomach
Redundancy: multiple roots with the same meaning
Hyster/o-Gr hystera-womb- hysterectomy
Metr/o Gr. Metra-womb- endometrium structure inside the uterus
Uter/o L uterus-womb-in utero
Homomorphism
Sometimes 2 different roots simplify to the same spelling
Ped L. pes meaning foot
Ped Gr. Paes meaning child
Which root is orthopedics from?
Child ortho meaning straighten pedics meaning child
Bacteriolysin/ streptolysin/ staphylolysin
Bacteri/o -lysin a substance distructive to bacteria
Strept/o -lysin a substance distructed to the blood, which is producted by streptococci and staphylococci (coccum-berry)
Staphyl/o -lysin
Gr. Lysis-dissolution or destruction
-lysis process process of dissolution
-lysin substance causing dissolution
Strept/o streptococci Gr. Streptos= twisted
NB coccus, pl. cocci, Gr. Kokkos-berry IE round
Staphyl/o-staphylococcus, uvula Gr. Staphulis=a bunch of grapes
Spelling matters
A) Antipartum (against birth)
B) Antepartum (before birth)
Sometimes words sound exactly the same but are spelled differently and have different meanings
Sito=food
Cyto= cell
Sometimes words sound similar but are spelled differently and have different meanings
Abduction away midline
Adduction toward midline
Aphagia inability to swallow
Aphasia lack of speech
Which of the following terms is correctly spelled? (highlighted term means correct answer)
a) Gastroectomy
b) Paraenteral(a should drop away)
c) Vasculitis
d) Gastresophageal(no combining vowel)
Some words have more than one acceptable spelling
Orthopedic orthopaedic
Leucocyte leukocyte
Plurals (singular/plural)
Vertebra/ Vertebrae
Diagnosis/ Diagnoses
Phenomenon/ Phenomena
Bacterium/ Bacteria
Thorax/Thoraces
Fungus/fungi
Myopathy/myopathies
Condyloma/condylomata
plural hemolysis/hemolyses
plural thrombi/thrombus
pronunciation
c(before a,o,u)=K cavity, colon
c(before e,i)=s
ch=k
g(before a,o,u)=g
g(before e,i)=j
ph=f
pn=n
pt(initial)=t
rh,rrh=r
x(initial)=z
pterygoid-Gr. Pteron=wing
pterodactyl =winged fingers
spelling
a) Nephroraphy
b) Nephorraphy
c) Nephrorrhaphy
Acromion
How many syllables does this word have? 4
Which vowel is stressed?
What is the phonetic spelling of xiphoid?
Zif’oyd
What is the phonetic spelling of thoracic?
Tho-ras’ik
Value of pronunciation
Anorectic adj. an-o-rek’tic an-not; orect/o-appetite
Anorectal adj. a-no-rek’tal an/o anus; rect/o-straight
NB orect/o and orex/i appetite
Audio files
Cd with textbook
Tabers
The classical word in medical terminology
Say it see it write it repeat it.
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