2/28/11 class notes & house question quiz today

NOTE: not completely finished notes, he was talking quite fast today!  Sorry guys!

Respiratory System

Today’s Lecture

History

               

Terms

Respiration, classification and aristotle’s scala naturae

Plant life has certain soul’s.  lower soul for Aristotle.  Animals on the other hand, motion, reproduction, higher sole, humans have rational soul.  Animals that have blood and don’t, blood less animals have lesser souls, animals who do have blood fish don’t have lower souls.  Mankind and a lion mankind has more blood vessels in their lungs to cool off, so they were higher up.

Christian Scala naturae, god angels mankind animals plants etc.

                Nature designs things, certain souls have a certain body. Telos-end of something.

Combining forms for the respiratory system

                Nas/o    nose      nasogastric tube(put it end to provide nourishment)/nasendoscope(what’s in the nose)

                Rhin/o                  rhinorrhea (runny nose)/rhinolith (stone inside the nose)

Rhinolith              picture

                Sinus/o                 sinus(l. fold, curve)                         sinusitis(inflammation of the sinus’s)

L. sinus-fold, curve, bending

Paranasal(along side nose) sinus

                Ethmoid(seed/strain) sinus, maxillary sinus, frontal sinus, sphenoid sinus

Or/o      mouth                  oronasal (pertaining to the nose and mouth)/oroantral(antral, cave)

Palat/o                 palate                   palatorrhaphy(surgical repair of palate )/palatoschisis(split/cleft palate )

Palatoschisis-cleft palate

L. palatum you taste with the palate.  Aristotle said you tasted with your tongue

                Tonsil/o                tonsil     tonsillectomy(incision of the tonsils)/tonsillotome(device for cutting)

Tonsillotome+tonsillectomy

                Uvul/o                  uvula     uvuloptosis(downward displacement.)

L. tonsilla=almonds         L. uvola=small bunch of grapes

Laryng/o              larynx                    laryngocentesis( surgical puncture of the larynx) laryngophthisis(wasting of the larynx)

                Pharyng/o           pharynx               pharyngitis (inflammation of the throat)/pharyngoxerosis(dry throat)

Pharynx

                Nasopharynx, oropharynx, etc.

                Trache/o              trachea tracheostomy (to create an opening in the trachea)tracheostoma(hole in the trachea)

                NB. Trachel/o=neck*usually refers to uterus i.e. trachelectomy (removing the neck of the uterus)

                Bronch/o             bronchus             bronchostaxis (dripping in the bronchus)

                Bronchi/o                            bronchiocele(swelling of bronchus)/bronchiloquy(speaking for your bronchus)

                Bronchiol/o        bronchiole          bronchiolectasis (dialation of the bronchioles)

                Alveol/o               small cavity

                L. alveolus-small cavity/bucket

                Alveolar

                Thorac/o              chest     thoracostomy (surgical procedure cut a whole)drain/thoracentesis (surgical puncture )

Treatments of pleural effusion

Pneum/o             air/lung                                pneumopericardium (air structure around the heart /pneumohemothorax ( )/pneumoconiosis(

Pneumon/o                       pneumonia

Pulmon/o            lung       pulmonologist/pulmonary edema (swelling of the lung)

Lob/o                    lobe       lobectomy/lobotomy

Lobes of the lungs

Upper, medium, lower lobe (right lung)  upper and lower lung (left lung)

Pleur/o                 pleura                   pleuroclysis(washing of pleura)/pleural effusion(to pour out pleural)

Creation of eve –in Hebrew pleuran  eve was created from the side of adam.

Pleurae

                Parietal (pertaining to the wall) pleura/ viscera pleura (pertaining to organ)

Phren/o               diaphragm/mind              phrenic (pertaining to the diaphragm)/ phrenetic (manic paced)

Gr. Thought you had thoughts in your mind.

Capn/o                 carbon dioxide(gr. Kapnos-smoke)          hypercapnia

Carb/o                  L. carbo-carbon                 hypocarbia

Ox/o                      oxygen                 hypoxemia

                NB.Oxy-sharp,acute, acid,pungent,-oxygen, oxyphile(likes acidic solutions),oxylalia(talks acute, talks fast)

Spir/o                    breathing                            spirometry(measuring breath)/ inspire (breathing in)/respire(breathing together)

-pnea (suffix)                    breathing                            eupnea(normal breathing)/apnea(substation of breathing for a period of time)/orthopnea(upright breathing okay but laying down breathing not okay)

2/25/11 Class notes

Blood and lymphatic system

                ‘if it bleeds, we can kill it.’-dr. Schwarzenegger

Today’s lecture

                History

                                Venesection

Miasma, sepsis, and lister

Combining forms

Venesection(vein, cut)/phlebotomy(ton, vein)

                Bleeding and bloodletting,

                Venesection, blood is a humor and if you have too much of it, it can create residue and rot, so you’d remove the excess blood, or they had too much naturally.  If someone has too much blood lets remove it before hand so it doesn’t cause prettification.  Too much blood causes a fever. Would bleed in one area, they would cut you higher up so that you can control it. 

Barber surgeon

                Barb (beard) barbers were medical practitioner would do minor surgeries .  go to the barbor, you can get an enima, teeth pulled, blood, shave, haircut.red/white pole they would show the bloody rags after the venesections.

Phlebotomist

                Diagnosis, not treatment.  Drains blood.  Looking for infections, different types of blood cells, rate of coagulation. 

Components of the blood.

                Plasma, is the fluid that goes around the cellular components.

                Cellular components include: whiteblood cells, platelets, red blood cells.

                Serum, clotted blood.

Hematocrit –gr. Krinein to judge, separate. Hemato – blood

Plasma

                -plasm –gr. Plasma-anything molded or formed

                                Plasmapheresis (to lift away from plasma)

                                Plasmid(-id living substance, part of a living substance)

                                Plasmin(-in substance itself)

                                Neoplasm(neo-new formation)

                                Protoplasm(proto-first  type)

                                Ectoplasm(ecto-outside of)

Serum-L. serum-whey

                Ser/o-blood serum (or clear bodily fliud)

                                Serous (clear fliud of membrane)

                                Seroculture (serum and growing bacteria to find what the bacteria is)

                                Truth serum (produce of the antibodies from an animal)

Little miss muffet, sat on her tuffet, eating her curds and whey…

                Milk byproduct clear stuff in yogurt is whey.

-cyte = cell

                Erythrocyte –red blood cells

                Leukocytes-white blood cells

                Thrombocytes-platelets clot cell

-phil-attraction to, tendency towards, craving for

                Neutrophil (l. neuter-neither)

                Basophil (gr. Basis-step, base)

                Eosinophil (gr. Eos-rose colored)

Eos, greek goddess of he sunrise-‘rosy-fingered dawn’

                Eos pursuing tithonus – tithonus Trojan prince.  She catches him, he gets promised eternal life, body doesn’t stay normal and young.

Cyt/o gr. Kutos-vase or jar

Cell-L. cella-room

-cytosis condition of cells

                Microcytosis(increase amount of something small, red blood cells)

                Macrocytosis(larger)

                Anisocytosis (unequal sizes)(an-not iso-equal)

                Poikilocytosis(irregular shape)(poikilos-diverse)

                Reticulocytosis(net cells young red blood cells being produced)(reticula-net)

-Anemia (gr. An-not haima-blood)

                Aplastic(lack of formation) anemia-         normocytic-normochromic(normal size cell-normal color)

                Pernicious anemia           macrocytic(large cells)-normochromis(normal color)

                Iron deficiency anemia-                                microcytic(small cells)-hypochromic(decreased color)

-emia

                Leukemia (condition of blood, cancer)

                Polycythemia (many cells condition of cells)

                Septicemia (sept/I (gr. Sepsis-to make, rotten, spoil) putrefaction

NB. Sept/o-septum        sept/i-seven

Sepsis before germ theory

                Sepsis-putrefaction of blood or other humors

                Miasma

Joseph Lister (1827-1912)

                On the antiseptic principles of the practice of surgery-1867

Listerine-antiseptic

                -ine used for protein

Toxemia

                Tox/I, tox/o, -tox-poison

                                Toxicology(study of toxins)

                                Toxin

                                Botox(poisonous)

                Apollo and arthemis killing niobe’s children with a toxon=bow and arrows

Lympthatic system

                One way street. Not circulatory

                Clear fluid (water, fluid, fat)

Lympathic system overview

                Filters microorganisms and foreign particles

Lymphadenopathy (lymph node swollen)

Lymphangitis (lymph duct, vessel, gets infected hot painful to touch)

                Maintains the body’s internal fluid environment

Lymphokinesis(movement of lymph) motion and pressure gradient

                (High pressure)Blood capillaries>interstitial fluid> lymph capillaries> lymph veins>lymph ducts>large circ. Veins(low pressure)

Lymphedema (gr. Oidemia-swelling)

                Carries fats away from the digestive organs

Chyle (chylo or chyl/i

                Chylothorax-chylous effusion (out of pouring)

QUIZ ON MONDAY!

2/23/11 Med Term

Cardiovascular System

Today’s lecture:

                History

                                Galen’s model of the cardiovascular system, circulation and William Harvey, pulse terminology and herophilus

                Terms

                                Symptomatic and diagnostic

Galen’s cardiovascular system

                Tripartite soul- Liver(has a soul, or power for appitite, natural spirit.), heart(l. vertical where the heat is, vital spirit), brain(Animal spirit, ventricals of the brain)

                Venous blood(dark red) vs. arterial blood(light red) blood is made in the liver, nutritious value, all veins come from the liver.  Lungs take away the impurities of the blood. all arteries come from the heart.  Goes out to the body.  But to keep the body warm. Goes up to the brain into the miraculous neck.   Nerves are in the brain. 

                Pores in septum

                No circulation blood has to be eaten up by the body.

Leonardo’s Galenic Heart

                Saw the body through Galen’s eyes.

Circulation and William Harvey

                For the concept of a circuit of the blood does not destroy, but rather advances traditional medicine.

                William Harvey 1649

                Had an idea of a pulmonary circulation, corrected galen on the pores.

Harvey’s Proof

                Calculation of blood produced each day.

                Valves and direction of blood

                Color of the blood in the pulmonary vein

Circulation

                Process of blood moving in circles. Three different types of circulation.

Types of Circulation

                Coronary (oxygen to heart)

                Pulmonary (blood gets oxygenated, through the lungs)

                Systemic (after it goes through the blood)

Symptomatic Terms

                A narrowing of the mitral valve is a stenotic bicuspid valve.

Mitre (gr. Mitra-headband, Persian head-dress)

Diagnostic terms

                Bradycardia and tachycardia are placed under what broad diagnostic category?

                                Arrhythmia/disrhythmia

Herophilus and the pulse terminology

                Herophilus (c. 330-260 BC) he’s thinking the arteries not the heart

                                Diastole-gr. Diastellein-to exapand

                                Systole-gr. Systellein-to contract

                                Rhythm-gr. Rhuthmos-proportion how regular it is.

                Diagnosis/prognosis

                Believed that different ages you had a different heart rate

Symptomatic terms

                Aneurysm

                                Eury-wide, broad

Europe, Europe and the euro

                Europa, wide face, she’s a princess, she’s wondering around the seashore, zeus thinks she attractive, and he turns into a bull, he wisps her off and she has three kids.  Could never find her, so that’s why Europe is named what it is.  Euro greek one has europa on it.

                Euro means Europe

Types of aneurysms

                Saccular l. saccus-bag, sack

                                Saccus lacrimalis (tear sack)

                Fusiform l. fusus-spindle

                Dissecting l. dis-apart + secare-to cut

                                Transaction(cutting aross)

                A:normal

                B:saccular

                C:fusiform

                D:dissecting

Symptomatic terms

                A patient comes to your office c/o profuse sweating( diaphoreisis), chest pain (angina pectoris) and racing heartbeats(palpitations). What are the medical terms for this patients conditions?

                Diaphoresis (phoresis=gr. Phorein-to bear or carry)

                Angina pectoris

                Palpitation (l. palpitare-to move quickly, tremble, or throb)

NB. Palpation (l. palpare-to stroke or touch)

                What is the term which literally means ‘a condition where blood is held back’?

                                Ischemia gr. Ischein-to hold back

NB. Ischi/o ischium bone of your hip.

                What is the difference between constriction(narrows), occlusion(closed off completely), and obstruction(blocked, but some flow going through)?

Constriction

                Constringere-to draw together

                Con-together

                Stringere-to draw tight

                Stricture

Occlusion

                Occludere-

                Ob-before, in front of

                Claudere-to shut, close

                Fetal inclusion(blocked in) when you have twins, and one is inside the other one.

                Malocclusion(bad closing off) talking about teeth, not a good closure

Obstruction

                Ob-before, in front of

                Struere-to build, pile up

                Plaque build up in a vessel

Symptomatic terms

                What is the difference between a thrombus(stationary blood clot) and an embolus(blood clot that is moving)?

                Thrombus gr.thrombos-for lump, piece)-stationary blood clot

                Embolus gr. Emballein-to throw into-a clot carried in the blood stream that obstructs a vessel

Embolus (gr.)

Rostrum(l. beak/prowel of a war ship) and the rostra

                NB. Rostrum(nose, animal with beak), rostrate(beak like structure), rostrocaudal (pertaining to the tail, and the nose or the beak, head to tail)

L. Fundere-to pour

                Perfusion (per-)to pour through an area

                Effusion (ec-)pouring out of fluid into another space

                Suffusion (sub-) pouring on lotion on something

                Infusion (in-) pouring into the body (IV)

                Diffusion(dis-) pouring apart higher concentration moving to a lower concentration (osmosis)

2/21/11 Class notes

Ch. 5 Cardiovascular System

Today’s Lecture

                History

                                Aristotle’s heart

                Terms

                                Combining forms

Aristotle’s Heart

                Aristotle (384-322 BC)

                Most important organ

                                Vital heat, intellect, motion, sensation

                Three-Chambered

                                Left, right, and middle cavities (koiliai)

                Beyond the natural world, what is good, what is bad.  Metaphysical.  Aristotle was interested in how the world itself worked.  He liked to look at comparative anatomy.  He called the heart the most important organ in the heart.  We think it’s important because it brings oxygen into our body and blood.  He thought that it was because of the vital heat in our body.  The respiratory system was used to cool off this heat.  It was where you had rational thought, controlled movement, essentially what we know the brain controls.  When you get agitated or nervous or excited, your heart starts to race, so he thought the heart controlled emotion.  He thought the brain did sympathy(feeling together)  The brain cooled off the heart, vaporization and the brain is what is cooling off the heart.  If someone gets hit in the head, and lose balance, he thought that it was because the brain was no longer able to cool the heart and that’s why you lost balance. 

                The reason he thought there were so many chambers, the right atrium was just an extension of the venicata, so the left atrium and a two ventrical heart.  So three chambers. 

Animals with three chambered hearts

                Amphibians(3 chambered hearts), turtles(three chamber hearts-septated), birds and mammals(4 chambered heart).

                No one really knows why Aristotle thought we had a three chambered heart.

                Galen knew there was a four chambered heart. 

Structure of the heart. 

                Do not need to know the flow of the blood.

                Know endocardium, spetum, aorta,

Combining Forms for the cardiovascular system

                Vessel                   angi/o                   angiography (process)/angiograph (device)/angiogram (record)

                                                Vas/o                    vasectomy (removal) / vasoligation (process –lig-tying off something)

                                                Vascul/o              vascular (adj. ) Vasculogenesis(the process of creating vessels)

NB L. vas=vessel; eg. Vas deferens (the vessel to carry away from) vas afferens(vessel to carry towards) vas aberrans(vessel that was wondering off or away from)

Gr. Graphein-to draw or write

                -graphy –process/act

                -graph-device

                -gram-picture, record

                -graft-transplanted tissue or the process of transplanting tissue

Ligation (L. ligare-to bind)

Combining forms for the cardiovascular system

                Aorta                     aort/o                   aortoclasia (breaking of the aorta)/ aortomalacia (soft aorta)

                Atery                     arteri/o                                arteriosclerosis (hardening of the artery) arteriorrhexis (rupture of the artery)/ arteriolitis (arteriole)

Ateriole and venule

                Fatty paste (lipid)             ather/o                artherosclerosis (species of arteriole sclerosis

Gr. Athere-gruel

                Heart                     cardi/o                  cardiomyopathy(heart muscle disease)/cardiotachometer(heart speed measurer)

NBL Cor=heart eg. Cor pulmonale (pulmonary heart, right ventricle is hypertrophic, obstruction of the pulmonary artery)

                Circle, Crown                     Coron/o               coronary artery disease

Corona-garland or crown

Coronary artery disease (CAD)

Coroner ( the guard of the crown, started by Richard the lion heart to get money, would make sure the taxes were collected.)(does an autopsy, he would see about deaths to see if they were natural or others and if they were buried, so that they wouldn’t get taxed)

                Myscle                  my/o                     myocardial infarct (muscle of the heart is stuffed)

Symptomatic and diagnostic terms

                What is an infarct?

                                L. to stuff in

                Constriction, atheromatcus plaque, thrombus, embolus, ischemia, infarction

                Chest                    pector/o                              pectoralgia (chest pain) pectoriloquy (chest speech)

                                                Steth/o                                                stethomyositis (chest muscles) stethoscope (comes from the shape and who invented it)

Rene T. H. Laennec-1816 made a device that looked like a telescope but he would listen to heart beats of larger people that he couldn’t get a chance to hear the heart beat

                Pulse                     sphygm/o                           sphygmomanometer (device that measures the pulse with the hand)

                Clot                        thromb/o                            thrombocyte/thrombogenic(adj. ability to form a clot) /thromboplastic(formation of a clot)

                Swollen, twisted vein     varic/o                  varicosis (condition of vessels being twisted)/varix/varices (one/more than one twisted vein)

Vein                       ven/o                    venous hyperemia (venus pooling)/ venovenostomy(-stomy making an opening )(venoveno-two veins)

                                                Phleb/o                                phlebotomy (incision into the vein)(draw blood)/phlebectopia (condition where the vein is outplaced) phlebectasia(dialation of a vein)

Atrium                  atri/o                     interatrial septum (division between the atrium)  atrioseptopexy (fixation of the septum and the atrium)(repair when you have a defect)/atriotome(-tome device that cuts into the atrium)

Ventricle                              ventricul/o                          ventricular (pertaining to the little belly)/atrioventricular(pertaining to the atrium and ventricle)

Roman Atrium (the foreroom)

Gr. Stoma-mouth

                Anastomosis (putting two veins together)

L. loqui –to speak –phas/o

                Amphoriloquy (deep sound)

2/18/11 HERE AND ABOVE TEST 3

TEST IN CLASS TODAY! 

2/16/11 Class Notes

Musculoskeletal System

                Reduction (I lead the bone back into position)

                Open Reduction (cut open and put the bones back into place)

                Closed Reduction (don’t have to cut open)

                Internal fixation (screws)

Today’s Lecture

                History:

                                Hippocratic Othropedics

                Terms:…

Bone and Joint

                Hippocratic treatises -5^th and 4^th BC

                                On joints

                                On fractures

                                Same author. Had a good idea with bones, not doing human anatomy.  Had a good idea of how the bones worked.  Good things about relocations, and dislocations, fractures, things to dealing with the femur to the clavical and nose, they don’t do anything with the skull.  Differentiates between a compound fracture and an orthosis (straighten out/ splint) really well done texts, pretty sober minded gives advice as far as what you should do or  shouldn’t do.

Reducing-Fractures, dislocations, and subluxations

                Dislocations (l. locus-place)-out of place

                Luxation (l. luxare-to dislocate)

                Subluxation-less than dislocated partially out of the socket.

                                Getting tied up to the latter and drop the later to straighten out the spine.  This was more for show than anything else.

Hippocratic bench

                Reducing bones, to get traction.  Traction machines, not used for relocating bones or joints, they are used to relax muscles.

Part of a long bone

                -physis-growth

                -physi/o-nature

                                Physiatrist-not doing surgery, physical therapy , md.

                                Physician-people who were university educated and studied physics (idea of the study of the body) you were a physician if you learned this, if you didn’t learn from the school.  empirisist

                                Apophysis (apo-away from physis –growth plate)  bone growth away from growth place

                Meta can mean near

                Metaphysic near the growth place

                Diaphysis –between the growth place

                Epiphysis-upon the growth place

                NB phys/o-air or gas eg. Physometra(woman having air or gas in the uterus)

Body positions

                Supine(face up)

                Prone(face down)

                Right lateral recumbent(laying on the right side)

Left lateral recumbent(laying on the left side)

Deubitus (l. deumbo-I lie down)

                Decubitus ulcers (cuts off oxygen to the tissue and that causes these ulcers)

What is decubation?  The process of lying down

Terms of position

                Anterior-posterior(AP x-ray)up the person laying in supine

                Posterior-anterior(PA x-ray) back first then out the front prone

                Proximal vs. distal

                                Origin of the structure(bone) What is closest to the middle (proximal) Distal is further away from middle

                                Point of reference

Goni/o (Gr. Gonia-angle) How much motion has in a joint

                NB Gon/o=semen, genitals, generation

Sympotamic and diagnostic terms

                A grating sound made by movement of some joints is called?

                                Crepitus L. crepitus-creak rattle, rustle, crackle

                A patient comes into your office complaining of joint and muscle pain, involuntary muscle contractions, and reduced muscle tone.  The medical terms for these symptoms are:

                                Arthralgia

                                Myalgia/myodynia

                                Spasm

                                Hypotonia

Sympotmatic

                Spasm (gr. Spasein-to convulse, draw, pull)

                                Tonic (sustained)

                                Clonic (alternate contraction and relaxation)

                Cramp (painful tonic spasm/sodium potassium problems)

                Tremor (L. tremor-a shaking)

                Tone(Gr. Tonos-stretched)

                                Hypertonicity, hypertonia(not enough inhibition to a muscle, is a more contracted position)

                                Opisthotonos (opistho-backwards)(backward tension literal)(backward bending-medical)

                Tetany (gr. Tetanus, straightened, stiff)

                                Tetanus(neurotoxin increases tone)

                                                Tetanus dorsalis(adj. stiffening towards the back)

                                                Tetanus lateralis(stiffening towards the side)

                                                Cryptogenic tetanus(pertaining to a hidden origin)

                Rigor (L. rigor-stiffness, hardness)

                                Rigor mortis (stiffness of death)

Diagnostic terms

                Plantar fasciitis (pertaining to the bottom of the foot inflammation of the fascum (connective tissue)) (helps with motion, acts like a spring, usually have bad foot mechanics, or have bad shoes because they aren’t supportive enough)

Fasci/p-Fascia(wide band)

Myositis ossificans

                Muscle inflammation which is making bone

                Heterotopic bone grown (other of two trop(place) pertaining to bone growth where it shouldn’t be)

                Osteoarthritis is also called?

                                Degenerative arthritis

                                Degenerative joint disease (DJD)

                                                Typically affect the knee, hip, shoulder trauma to the cartilage, and breaks down the cartilage

                Rheumatoid arthritis (RA)(looks like a flow, flowing from a membrane)(Bilateral)

                                (Gr. Rheuma –Flux,flow)

                                                Chronic, systemic inflammation

                                                Hands and feet are typically affected

                NB Rheum

                Gouty arthritis (L. gutta-drop)

                                Single joint

                                Hyperuricemia (too much acid in the blood) Often affects the big toe

What is the difference between

                Spondylosis(condition of the spine)Stiff, immobile condition of vertebrae due to joint degeneration

                Spondylolysis(Breaking down of the spine)the breaking down of the vertebral structure (Parsinterartcularis-between two joints on the vertebrae)

                Spondylolisthesis(slipping)(listhesis-a slipping) a forward slipping of the vertebra

                Osteomalacia (softening)vs. osteoporosis(holes,pathways)

Osteomalacia (caused by vitamin D deficiency) bone gets brittle

Osteoporosis

                Gr. Poros-passage

                                Decreased bone density and increased porosity